WorksheetsPsychophysiology
Total questions: 57
Worksheet time: 45mins
Joint of all biological aspects. It consists of how psychological, social and behavioural phenomena are related. Interactions between the person and the environment.
Health psychology
Psychophysiology
Neuropsychology
Clinical psychology
Some bodily variables are:
Temperature
Heart rate
Skin conductance
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
What is a modern application of psychophysiological studies:
To know other people personality
To diagnose mental illnesses
Polygraph test (nervousness and lying).
To know and measure your resistance
The motor part is divided into two: Autonomous and somatic parts. ¿Which ones correspond to the autonomous system?
Enteric
Sympathetic
Sensory
Parasympathetic
As we know ANS consists of having movements without conscious control. There you can find either a sympathetic or parasympathetic system but there are two main motor nervous, ¿Which ones and where you can find them?
Preganglionic fibres: CNS and spine
Posterior Fibers
Long and short fibres
Postganglionic fibres: Arrives at effectors
This image is part of the ___________system
Sympathetic
Preganglionar fibres
Parasympathetic
Postganglionar fibers
This image is part of the ___________ system
Sympathetic
Preganglionic fibres
Postganglionic fibres
Parasympathetic
¿What is Cholinergic?
Is an Acetylcholine receptor
Is a hormone
Is a norepinephrine receptor
An energy molecule
¿Which are the main cholinergic receptors?
Mucotinic: CNS and fibres
Muscarinic: Visceral target organs
Nicotinic: Skeletal muscles and autonomic ganglia
Nicotinic: Skeletal and visceral target organs
Epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors are...
Epienergic
Adrenergic
Noradrenergic
Denergic
¿What are the 5 main epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors?
Lets check again: this image corresponds to:
Alpha 1 y 2
Beta 1
Beta 2
Beta 3
This image corresponds to:
Beta 2
Alpha 1 y 2
Beta 1
Beta 3
Corresponds to adipose tissue
Beta 1
Beta 4
Beta 3
Alpha 1 y 2
So there are two type of receptors:
Andrenal and Corticotropal
Adrenergic and cholinergic
Acetylcholine and prolactine
Adrenergic and polienergic
A system that is called: Rest and Digest
Sympathetic
Autonomus
Parasympathetic
Central system
A system that is called: Flight or Fight
Enteric
Parasympathetic
Somatic
Sympathetic
¿Where does the sympathetic system begins?
In the lumbar part
In the spine (T1 - L2)
In the sacro part (S2 - S3)
L1 - L4
Biological reaction to danger, increases heart rate, activates the adrenal cortex, increases respiratory rate and activates lipolysis. These are part of the _________ system.
Adrenergical
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Biological responses
According to the following order, ¿at what system correspond?
Short cholinergic preganglionic fibres (ACh in synaptic cleft)
Long Adrenergic postganglionic fibres ( takes epine/norepinephrine to target tissue/organ)
Autonomus
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric
Paravertebral sympathetic ganglia arrive at 3 types of tissues:
Pili muscule
Heart muscles
Blood vessels
Sweat glands
¿Which are the two main portions of the Craniosacral outflow?
Cranial nerves
S2, S3 and S4
III, VII, IX and X
Sacral region
According to the following order, ¿at what system correspond?
Long cholinergic preganglionic fibres (ACh in synaptic cleft)
Short cholinergic postganglionic fibres in target organs/target
Parasympathetic
Autonomus
Sympathetic
Somatic
Autonomic Innervation of the heart
Receive sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres
Heart rate and Contractility
Receive sympathetic fibres
Receive parasympathetic fibres
What is the effect of parasympathetic fibres on heart rate?
The effect is a slower heart rate
Diminish speed of the atrioventricular conduct
The effect is a major contractibility
¿What is the effect of sympathetic fibres on heart rate?
More contractility
Less contractility
20% contractility
¿What is the role of the sympathetic system in the respiratory system and where does it arrive?
Postganglionic fibres from stellate ganglia
Produce bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction and bronchial secretion increase
Arrive through vagus nerve
¿What is the role of the parasympathetic system in the respiratory system and where does it arrive?
Postganglionic fibres from stellate ganglia
Produce bronchodilation and vasoconstriction
Bronchoconstriction and bronchial secretion increase
Arrive through vagus nerve
Part of the brain is linked to the nervous and endocrine system through the pituitary gland. Environmentally driven behavioural responses such as temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep
Pituitary gland/ hypophysis
Hypotalamus
Hypophysis
Hypotalamus-hypophysis
¿What is the main function of the hypothalamus effector?
Vegetative response to emotion --> Manages response to emotional stimuli
Regulates body temperature
Increase the secretion of hormones
-Hypothalamus and limbic system-
¿What is the function of the Ventromedial Nucleus?
Saciety
Lowers hunger
Punishment connection
Relaxation (if its destroyed --> agressiveness)
-Hypothalamus and limbic system-
¿What is the function of the Paraventricular Nucleus?
Fear
Lowers hunger
Punishment connection
Relaxation (if its destroyed --> agressiveness)
-Hypothalamus and limbic system-
¿What is the function of the Anterior and posterior areas?
Fear
Lowers hunger
Sex drive
Relaxation (if its destroyed --> agressiveness)
Other functions of the hyphothalamus...
Thermoregulation (anterior portion) --> heat lost/sweating and blood vessel dilation; heat increase/ muscular blood vessels constriction and thyroid activation.
Hydration regulation (supraoptic nucleus) --> responds to dehydration --> antidiuretic ADH
Hydration regulation (supraoptic nucleus) --> heat lost/sweating and blood vessel dilation
Thermoregulation (anterior portion) --> responds to dehydration
¿What are the main functions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)?
Responds to environmental variables (stress)
Manages cortisol
Manages Prolactine Hormone
Negative feedback loop --> amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus
Manages GABA hormone
-To understand amygdala and hippocampus-
Stress activates HPA Axis which creates cortisol. The metabolic responses are:
Neoglycogenesis and insulin resistance
Elevates blood pressure
Prepares immune system for possible pathogen agent counterattack
-Autonomous nervous system and HPA Axis-
Adrenergic activation increase CRH, what are the effects?
Immunosuppression
Lesser cell immunity with higher chance of cancer
Increase heart rate and hormone secretion
Lack of sleep alters circadian rhythm --> increase adaptation system exhaustion
Blood glucose increased --> cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome
Natural state of balance involving processes essential for life. Equilibrium of biological elements.
Homeostasis
Homeostatic
Allostasis
Allostatic
A level of activity needed for survival which involves organism's adaptation to constant changes in the environment.
Allostatic
Allostasis
Homeostatic
Homeostasis
Inefficient response or prolonged exposure to stress leads to a lack of adaptation
Homeostasis
Allostasis
Allostatic load
When the system is unable to respond accordingly to stress, other subsystems experience increased activation.
Prolonged response
Maladaptative response
Lack adaptation
Repeated exposure
The response observed in people living in permanent stress, unable to recover from one stressful event to the other.
Maladaptative response
Lack adaptation
Repeated exposure
Prolonged response
Repeated exposure to the same source of stress makes it difficult for the person to adapt to it properly.
Maladaptative response
Lack adaptation
Repeated exposure
Prolonged response
Evident in people that are unable to suppress the allostatic activity after stressing situation is over.
Maladaptative response
Lack adaptation
Repeated exposure
Prolonged response
-Estrés-
Vía Neuro-endocrine / Circulatory System
Hypothalamus -> Hypophysis--> Suprarenal cortex -> Cortisol
Brain stem -> Sympathetic SNA -> Adrenal medulla -> Adrenaline
-Estrés-
Vía Autonomous Nervous System / Nervous System
Hypothalamus -> Hypophysis--> Suprarenal cortex -> Cortisol
Brain stem -> Sympathetic SNA -> Adrenal medulla -> Adrenaline
¿Which ones are repercussions of an allostatic overload?
Higher anxiety and depression -> uncontrolled cortisol
Artherosclerosis, heart attacks
Poor emotional regulation and memory consolidation.
Risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and Diabetes 2
Ulcers, stomach pain, poor serotonin production
¿What is the best way to describe stress?
Real or perceived threat to the psychological or physiological integrity which results in physiological or behavioural response
A situation where you are not prepared and you are feeling anxious
Instability and loss of control and relaxation
¿What are the stages of a general adaptation syndrome?
Homeostasis
Alarm stage
Exhaustion stage
Activation stage
Resistance stage
An environmental demand that is imposed on an organism. An environmental agent that can create a negative effect on the person.
Stress as a stimulus
Stress as a response
Transactional stress
Changes or adaptative reactions that occur when a homeostatic alteration takes place, whether it is psychological or physiologic
Stress as a stimulus
Stress as a response
Transactional stress
A person's capacity to cope and adjust to challenges and problems is a consequence of transactions (or interactions) that occur between a person and their environment.
Stress as a stimulus
Stress as a response
Transactional stress
"Constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific internal and/or external stressors that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of a person"
-Transactional stress model-
* Threat perceived ( can I handle this situation)
* No threat perceived (no stress)
Situations that are irrelevant, benign positive and stressful -> appraisals
First appraisal
Second appraisal
-Transactional stress model-
* No coping perception ( intense stress )
* Coping perception ( growth or flow )
Resources internal and external
First appraisal
Second appraisal
Coping responses are initiated _________ the cognitive appraisals
Before
After
During
individual's interpretation of the stressor, can be conscious or unconscious.
Stress
Appraisal
Environment
