farmers without slaves and the largest group of whites in the South.

regular expenses such as housing, feeding workers, buying and maintaining equipment, eg. the cotton gin, that remained about the same each year

a form of loan given by agents of exchanges to planters to hold cotton for several months in the hope that prices would rise.

slaves who worked in the owners' houses

slaves who planted, cultivated, and picked cotton and other plants supervised by an overseer

plantation manager

laws in Southern states that controlled enslaved people aimed at preventing rebellion

a popular religious leader among the slaves who taught himself to read and write. He led a revolt and was hanged.

An African American woman who gained the nickname "Moses" as a conductor on the Underground Railroad

an African American man who was born into slavery but gained his freedom by escaping to the North. He became a famous writer and lecturer about conditions in the South.

a network of safe houses that assisted runaway slaves

inventor of the sewing machine which began mass production of cotton textiles

inventor of a reliable steamboat in 1807

sailing ships with sleek hulls and tall sails that improved the time it took to sail from New York to England

designer of the Tom Thumb, a steam railway locomotive that failed against a horse drawn train in Baltimore

the first steam powered passenger locomotive or train that began operating in England.

an apparatus designed to transmit messages using electrical signals that allowed a faster method of communication

a system of dots and dashes that represent the alphabet allowing messages to be sent by telegraph

a vast area of treeless land of prairie sought by farmers moving west to grow crops

inventor of the steel tipped plow that helped farmers work prairie soil

designed and built a mechanical reaper that help ensure that wheat would become the main economic activity of the Midwest

skilled workers within the same trade or skill who organized to improve working conditions in factories

a refusal by skilled workers in a factory to put pressure on employers to improve working conditions

an unfair opinion not based on facts often associated with race

unfair treatment of a group

the first African American newspaper begun by Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm in New York City

A weaver in Massachusetts who founded a woman's organization, the Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization, that petitioned the state legislature to reduce the work day to 10 hours. They refused.

an extreme shortage of food that results in starvation, in this case associated with the Irish potato crop devastated by a blight in the 1840s causing Irish people to emigrate to America.

citizens against new immigration during the 1830s and 1840s because they felt threatened by immigrants for jobs

nativists which formed anti-Catholic societies into the 'American Party' which called for stricter citizenship laws and a ban on foreign born citizens holding office.

A city known for its manufacturing of textiles in a factory system

an ideal society

A second religious fervor that swept the nation. It converted more than the first. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.

leader of educational reform

Poet; the author of Leaves of Grass

First college to admit both women and African Americans

traveled the country, visiting different asylums; released a report on insanity and asylums; her protests resulted in improved conditions for the mentally ill.

believed the power of the mind could reach spiritual wholeness

wrote about the injustices of slavery in Uncle Tom's Cabin

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women

An abolitionist who lead the way for women to speak in public

People who believed that slavery should be against the law

Most pressing social issue for social reformers by 1830s

Founded the countries first African American newspaper, Freedom's Journal

(Chose 2)

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848

Worked for women's rights and temperance

Birthplace of women's rights movement

Term defined as: The right to vote

In 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary

emotional gatherings where people came together to hear sermons and declare their faith

North Star editor

College providing the education for African Americans

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.

declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women.

Abstinence from alcohol

In the Dred Scott decision (1857) he ruled that slaves and their descendants had no rights as citizens.

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Extreme loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

Includes California admitted as a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, Made popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

To remove from the Union (could be either answer on the test)

A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backed by interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on the basis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling on the case was that He was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

militant American abolitionist who led the Pottawatomie Massacre and the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry