WorksheetsHuman Growth and Development
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 52mins
Freud's stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson's stages are
Psychometric
Psychodiagnostic
Psychopharmacological
Psychosocial
In Freud's psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists
Emphasize id processes
Refute the concept of the superego
Believe in man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
Are sometimes known as radical behaviorists
The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was
Erik Erikson
Milton H. Erickson
A. A. Brill
Jean Piaget, who created the four-stage theory
The statement "the ego is dependent on the id" would most likely reflect the work of
Erik Erikson
Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory
Jay Haley
Arnold Lazarus, William Perry, and Robert Kegan
Jean Piaget's idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is
Formal operations, concrete operations, preoperations, sensorimotor
Formal operations, preparations, concrete operations, sensorimotor
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations
Concrete operations, sensorimotor, preoperations, formal operations
Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget's developmental research in as much as
he utilized the t test too frequently
he failed to check for Type I or alpha errors
he worked primarily with minority children
his findings were often derived from observing his own children
A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered
Symbolic schema
Conservation
Androgynous psychosocial issues
Trust versus mistrust
In Piaget literature, conservation would most likely refer to
Volume or mass
Defenses of the ego
The sensorimotor intelligence stage
A specific psychosexual stage of life
A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as
Formal operations-12 years and older
Concrete operations-ages 7-11 years
Preoperations-ages 2-7 years
Sensorimotor intelligence-birth to 2 years
... expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development
Erik Erikson
Lev Vygotsky
Lawrence Kohlberg
John B. Watson
According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests
that heavier objects are more difficult for a child to lift
the child is ambidextrous
the child is more cognizant of mass than weight
one can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape
During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget's stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, "The rain is following me". This is an example of
egocentrism
conservation
centration
abstract thought
Lawrence Kohlberg suggested
a single level of morality
two levels of morality
three levels of morality
preoperational thought as the basis for all morality
The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg's theory as
a brick is to a house
Freud is to Jung
the Menninger Clinic is to biofeedback
a typing test is to the level of typing skills
The term identity crisis comes from the work of
counselors who stress RS involvement issues with clients
Erikson
Adler
Jung
Kohlberg's three levels of morality are
preconventional, conventional, post conventional
formal, preformal, self-accepted
self-accepted, other directed, authority directed
preconventional, formal, authority directed
Trust versus mistrust is
An Adlerian notion of morality
Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development
Essentially equivalent to Piaget's concept of egocentrism
the basis of morality according to Kohlberg
A person who has successfully mastered Erikson's first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson's final or eighth stage,
generatively versus stagnation
initiative versus guilt
identity crisis of the later years
integrity versus despair
In Kohlberg's first or preconventional level, the individual's moral behavior is guided by
psychosexual urges
consenqueces
periodic fugue states
counterconditioning
Kohlberg's second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by
a) psychosexual urges
b) a desire to live up to society's expectations
c) a desire to conform
b and c
Kohlberg's highest level of morality is termed post-conventional morality. Here the individual
a) must truly contend with psychosexual urges
b) has the so-called "good boy/good girl" orientation
c) has self-imposed morals and ethics
a and b
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is post-conventional or self-accepted moral principles,
a) refers to the naive hedonism stage
b) operates on the premise that rewards guide morals
c) a and b
d) is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.
The zone of proximal development
a) was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky
b) was pioneered by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg
c) emphasized organ inferiority
d) a, b, and c
Freud and Erikson
could be classified as behaviorists
could be classified as maturationists
agreed that developmental stages are psychosexual
were prime movers in the dialectical behavior therapy or DBT movement
John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with
the work of psychologist and pediatrician, Arnold Resell, a maturationist
developmental stage theories
bonding and attachment
the unconscious mind
In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur
a) Generativity versus stagnation
b) Integrity versus despair
c) a and b
d) Erikson's stages do not address midlife issues
The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is
a) Harry Harlow
b) John Bowlby
c) Lawrence Kohlberg
d) all of the above
The statement: "Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations" is
false
true due to genetics
true only in middle-aged men
true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin
The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person is
actually the major theme in all of Erikson's eight stages
generatively versus stagnation-ages 35-60 years
intimacy versus isolation-ages 23-34 years
a critical factor which Erikson fails to mention
We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?
A 19-year-old male college student
A 23-year-old male drummer in a rock band
A 57-year-old female stockbroker
A 13 year-old male middle school student
In Harry Harlow's experiments with baby monkeys
a wire surrogate mother was favored by most young monkeys over a Terry-cloth version
the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a Terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate
female monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
male monkeys had a tendency to drink large quantities of alcohol
Freud postulated the psychosexual stages
id, ego, and superego
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
eros, thanatos, regression, and superego
manifest, latent, oral, and phallic
In adolesence
females commit suicide more than males
suicide is a concern but statistically very rare
the teens who talk about suicide are not serious
males commit suicide more often than females, but females attempt suicide more often
In the general U.S population
the suicide rate is 2/100,000
suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts
suicide rates tend to increase with age
suicide occurs at the beginning of a depressive episode, but rarely after the depression lifts, and suicide rates tend to increase with age
The fear of death
is greatest during middle age
is an almost exclusively male phenomenon
is the number one psychiatric problem in the geriatric years
surprisingly enough occurs in the teen years
In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor
a) in the preconscious mind
b) in the mind of the child in latency
c) which involves primarily during the oral age
d) a and b
When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general
girls grow up to smile more
girls are using more feeling words by age 2
girls are better able to read people without verbal cues at any age
all of the above
The Freudian developmental stage which "least" emphasizes sexuality is
oral
anal
phallic
latency (between ages 6 - 12)
In terms of parenting young children
boys are punished more than girls
girls are punished more than boys
boys and girls are treated in a similar fashion
boys show more empathy toward others
When developmental theorists speak of nature or nurture they really mean
a) how much heredity or environment interact to influence development
b) that the focus is skewed in favor of biological attributes
c) a and b
d) a theory proposed by B.F. Skinner's colleagues
Stage theorists assume
qualitative changes between stages occur
differences surely exist but usually can't be measured
that humanistic psychology is the only model which truly supports the stage viewpoint
Development
begins at birth
begins during the first trimester of pregnancy
is a continuous process which begins at conception
Development is cephalocaudal, which means
foot to head
head to foot
limbs receive the highest level of nourishment
Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and
assumes the normal person has 23 pairs of chromosomes
assumes that heredity characteristics are transmitted by chromosomes
assumes that genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code
Piaget's final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage
a) abstract thinking emerges
b) problems can be solved using deduction
c) a and b
Kohlberg lists --- stages of moral development which fail into --- levels.
6; 3
6; 6
3; 6
A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles.
has according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development.
is in the pre-conventional level
is in the post-conventional level of self-accepted moral principles.
Freud's Oedipus complex (or Oedipus stage)
is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite sex parent occur
occurs during the phallic stage
is a concept Freud ultimately eliminated from his theory
In girls, the Oedipus complex may be referred to as
systematic desensitization
covert desensitization
the Electra complex
The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual or libidinal stages is
oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
oral, anal, genital, phallic, and latency
phallic, genital, latency, oral, and anal
Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing
Piaget's formal operations
an apparatus known as a visual cliff
Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as
statistical developmentalists
empiricists
An empiricists view of development would be
psychometric
behavioristic
In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers
showed marked borderline personality traits
ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers
A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?
Behaviorism
Organicism
In Piaget's developmental theory, reflexes play the greatest role in the
sensorimotor
preoperational stage
A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered
object permancence
representation thought
The schema (i.e. a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the
sensorimotor stage-birth to 2 years
formal operational stage-12 years and beyond
John Bowlby has asserted that
attachment is best explained via the Skinnerian principle
conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood
The Harlow experiments utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life
appeared to be autistic
were fixated in concrete operational thought patterns
According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may --- a given psychosexual stage.
ignore
become fixated at
An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that
watching violence tends to make children more aggressive
reality TV shows or videos have no impact on a child's behavior
A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means
behavior results from unconscious aggression
behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species
The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz, refers to
Piaget's famous case study methodology
the study of animal's behavior in their natural environment
A child who focuses exclusively on a clown's red nose but ignores the clown's other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of
centration
deductive processes
Piaget felt
that teachers should lecture a minimum of four hours daily
that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation
Piaget's preoperational stage
is the final stage, which includes abstract reasoning
includes the acquisition of a symbolic schema
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that
each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage
developmental stages are primarily psychosexual
The tendency for adult females in the U.S to wear high heels is best explained by
sex-role socialization
ethological data
The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of
Bowlby
Adler on birth order
A counselor who is seeing a 15-year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that
in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys
in general, boys have better visual-perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls
Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is
preconscious psychic processes
sibling rivalry
A preschool child's concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to him. This concept is best related to
Piaget's preoperational period, ages 2-7 years
Jung's concepts of anima, animus
Elementary school counseling and guidance services
have been popular since the early 1900s
are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s
Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that
these counselors should be used primarily as disciplinarians, but this is not happening in most districts.
the counselors are effective, do make a difference in children's lives, and more counselors should be employed.
According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson
80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises.
an "age 30 crisis" occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes.
Erikson's middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to
the ability to do creative work or raise a family
the opposite of stagnation
the productive ability to create a career, family, and leisure time
A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels
the burden of senile psychosis
ego-integrity in Erikson's integrity versus despair stage.
Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as --- is to Erikson.
trust vs. mistrust
integrity vs. despair
Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?
H. Harlow
A. Ellis
When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client
is displaying the risky shift phenomenon
suffers from fixation
Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the
superego
ego
Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?
B.F. Skinner
Konrad Lorenz
The statement "bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not" is most closely associated with
Kohlberg's premoral stage at the preconventional level
the work of Carl Jung
A critical period
makes imprinting possible
emphasizes manifest dream content
signifies a special time when a behavior must be learned or the behavior won't be learned at all
Imprinting-rapid learning during a critical period of development is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by
Konrad Lorenz
Harry Harlow
Marital satisfaction
often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home
correlates high with performance IQ
Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his "hierarchy of needs," which postulates
lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
that psychopathology rests within the id
To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow
used goslings as did Konrad Lorenz
interviewed the best people he could find who escaped "the psychology of the average"
Piaget is
a behaviorist
a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative
--- factors cause Down Syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21.
Environmental
Genetic (conditions passed through genes)
Piaget referred to the act of taking in new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child's cognitive structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called
equilibration
balance theory
There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilizes the plant growth analogy, in which the mind is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, this placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists
focus primarily on nonverbal behavior
allow clients to work through early conflicts
Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as
fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli
dysfunctional repetition
Robert Kegan speaks of a "holding environment" in counseling in which
biofeedback training is highly recommended
the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction
Most experts in the field of counseling agree that
no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories
Eriksonian theory should be used by counselors practicing virtually any modality
Equilibration is
a term which emphasizes the equality between the sexes
the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)
A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on
Maslow's higher-order needs, such as self-actualization
Maslow's lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs.
The anal retentive personality is
thinks very little about money matters
stingy
From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be
considered an oral character
fixated at the latency stage
