the main statement of an argumentative text, which usually appears in the introduction .

The ________ is the main point on which the writer will develop his or her work in order to convince readers . (W1)

Ideas and opinions set forth by the writer .

For example, a writer could make the _____ that the school cafeteria food is too expensive . In a well-developed argumentative essay, the writer should also recognize counterclaims . (W1)

A reasonable argument that opposes or disagrees with another claim is called a ___________ .

A strong ___________ is supported by evidence and sound reasoning .

The beginning of a piece of writing . Lets readers know what they will be reading about, and it should set up the main idea, or thesis, of the writing . (W1a, W2a)

The way in which a piece of writing is structured

Reasons given to support a writer’s claims

For a claim to be effective, it must be supported with ________ evidence and reasoning .

________ evidence and reasoning is supported by facts and is effective in persuading the audience to agree with the writer’s claim . (W1b)

The ways in which ideas are connected . Writing should use words, phrases, and clauses to clarify the relationships between claims and reasons . (W1c)

refers to the flow of sentences and paragraphs from one to another .

Old and new information is tied together using transitions to help the reader understand how the ideas and concepts within the text are related to each other . (W1c, W2c)

used in formal writing, such as an essay, research paper, or formal letter .

When writing in a ______ _____, the writer chooses language that matches the audience and purpose and avoids informal language . (W1d, W2e)

The end of a piece of writing .

Should sum up the main purpose of the writing and provide an overall takeaway for the reader . (W1e, W2f)

A form of writing that informs the reader or explains something . (W2)

what a piece of writing is about . (W2a)

The way in which a piece of writing is organized, designed, and arranged.

For example, a writer can use headings and subheadings to organize the writing and present the information in a clear way . (W2a)

 Refers to a variety of media .

Writing does not include only pen on paper or a typed essay . Other ways of enhancing writing can include media such as art, presentations, photographs, charts, and videos . (W2a)

iA word, phrase, or clause that links one idea to the next .

Writing should not jump from one idea to the next without ___________ that guide the reader to the next idea . Examples include words and phrases such as another, for example, also, and because . (W2c)

Specific and vivid words and phrases describe or explain and make meaning clear.

The sentence A bird was on the ground is very general and does not use _______ ________ . However, that sentence could be rewritten using more specific nouns and verbs: A robin landed in the grassy field. (W2d, W3d)

Choosing words carefully.

A less personal style and is used in such writing as an essay, research paper, or business letter.

When writing in a ______ _____, the author chooses language that matches the audience and purpose and avoids informal language . (W2e)

A real or imaginary story that may be about a situation, a single moment in time, or a series of related events and experiences .

Experiences are what a character senses through his or her five senses or what a character thinks or feels .

__________ may be about a single moment in time but focus on how one character thinks and feels about it . __________ may be about a single moment in time but focus on how several different characters think and feel about it . __________may also be about a series of related events and experiences and how a character feels about them . Good writers order the thoughts, feelings, events, and experiences in a way that makes sense to the reader and communicates the meaning or message writers want the reader to understand . (W3)

An event or series of events that happen to or are seen by a character.

In a narrative, characters learn, grow, or find meaning by going through an __________. Any __________ in a narrative may be described as a single event (Mary’s team won the soccer game) or as a series of events (Mary kicked the ball toward the goal. The goalie dived but missed the ball. The ball landed inside the goal. Mary had scored the winning point. Her team won the game!) . A character may have an __________

that he or she is part of (Mary kicked the soccer ball into the goal) . A character may also watch or observe an __________ without being part of it (Mary watched as her two older brothers played against each other on different soccer teams) . A narrative may include more than one __________. (W3)

A single thing that happens to a character or that a character sees.

For example, John caught the soccer ball is an _____. It is a single thing that happened to the character John . (W3)

Good writers engage or interest readers and pull them into the narrative by sharing important information that will allow readers to understand what follows .

Good writers create context, which is the background information about a story’s setting, environment, or structure, to help readers understand what the story means . When _________ _ _____ and providing context, writers establish one or more points of view, introduce a narrator and/or characters, describe the setting, establish the pace of the story, and set out a problem, situation, or observation that will drive the narrative . This information should be shared in a way that engages the reader and encourages the reader to follow the story and identify with or have opinions about the characters, situation, and meaning . (W3a)

May include dialogue, a description of the setting, an introduction of the narrator, a description of a character, an explanation of the general situation, or any combination of these .

The person the writer chooses to tell a story .

May be a character in the story . May also record the characters’ actions, words, and thoughts but not be a character in the story . (W3a)

Persons, things, or beings in stories.

The perspective a writer chooses to tell a story from.

Can be first person, second person, third limited or third omniscient

The order of events in a narrative.

Often, the events in a story are told in the exact order they happened . Sometimes a story is told out of order to create surprise or help readers learn more about the characters and how they think and behave . (W3, W3a)

The tools writers use to create interesting experiences, events, and characters in a story . (W3, W3b)

Writers use ________ to show the reader the exact words the characters are saying .

Usually has quotation marks around it .

Good writers use ___________ to help the reader imagine the characters, settings, and events .

Helps make it feel like the reader is living the events of the story, seeing what the character sees, and feeling what the character feels .

The speed at which a story is told .

A mental process through which a character analyzes the meaning and impact of something heard, seen, or experienced.

The character’s thoughts, feelings, and opinions about the event are revealed when the narrator describes what a character is thinking or feeling .

Link one idea to the next and help the reader understand how time is passing in the story .

Also makes clear the order in which events happen .

Examples are first, next, before, during, and finally . Examples of transitional phrases are after that, in the beginning, it started when, and the next day . (W3c)

Describes concrete words and phrases in a way that allows the reader to experience the way things look, sound, smell, taste, or feel through imagination.

The end of a story.

The events of the story stop, and the reader understands one or more of

these ideas: what the story meant, what characters learned, how characters felt about the experience, how characters changed, and what the reader can learn from the story . (W3e)

The people who will be reading the piece of writing.

The writer’s intention for his or her piece of writing.

The

steps in this are prewriting, drafting, revising and editing, proofreading, and publishing . (W5)

When a writer uses the evidence and facts from the source to support his or her reasoning and persuade the audience to agree with the writer’s claim, the writer gains ___________

To use someone else’s ideas and to express those ideas in your own words .

Presenting The words, works, or ideas of someone else as though they are one’s own and without providing attribution to the author . (W8)

The way the author tells readers that certain details or information included in the text come from another source .

Gives readers enough information that they could find the original source and the information in it . (W8)