WorksheetsScience - Chapter 10 - 12
Total questions: 184
Worksheet time: 2hrs 22mins
The (a) refers to the thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for life, including:
- all the living things on earth
- the physical environment that supports those living things.
The biosphere refers to the thin layer of Earth that has conditions suitable for life, including:
all the living things on earth
the physical environment that supports those living things.
everything on earth
the animal on earth
Earth subdivided into three components that interact:
atmosphere
lithosphere
hydrosphere
troposphere
The atmosphere layer # 1
(a)
The atmosphere layer # 2
(a)
The atmosphere layer # 3
(a)
The atmosphere layer # 4
(a)
The atmosphere layer # 5
(a)
the atmosphere is made up of a mixture of gasses, 78% N2, 21%O2, 1%CO2.
True
False
the atmosphere is divided by latitude.
true
False
troposphere
0 to 10 km
10 to 50 km
50 to 80 km
80 to 300 km
stratosphere
0 to 10 km
10 to 50 km
50 to 80 km
80 to 300 km
mesosphere
0 to 10 km
10 to 50 km
50 to 80 km
80 to 300 km
thermosphere
0 to 10 km
10 to 50 km
50 to 80 km
80 to 300 km
only layer of the atmosphere with a mix of gases and temperature to support a variety of life( including humans)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
temperature 15°C to -60°C
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
contains most of the CO2 and H2O and atmospheric dust present in the atmosphere.
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
where most of our weather occurs, including wind and precipitation
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Temperature -60°C to 0°C
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
only isolated clumps of living cells found living in this layer
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
contains most of the ozone layer
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
protects living organisms from sun's UV radiation
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Temperature 0°C to -100°C
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Where most meteor showers (“shooting stars”
occur; which burn up due to the gasses causing
friction and creating heat.
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
lies between the thermosphere and the stratosphere. “Meso” means middle, and this is the highest layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are all mixed up rather than being layered by their mass
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Temperature - 100°C to 1500°C
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
helps absorb harmful UV radiation coming from the sun.
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Named for the high temperatures near the edge
of the layer (closest to the sun)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
Electrons from the Sun sometimes collide with
atoms in this layer and create the Aurora
Borealis (Northern Lights)
troposphere
stratosphere
mesosphere
thermosphere
lithosphere floats on top of the fluid layer called the (a) extend from the Earth's surface inward as thin as 5 km, as thick as 100 km in places
(a) floats on top of the fluid layer called the mantle extend from the Earth's surface inward as thin as 5 km, as thick as 100 km in places
lithosphere is warmed by
the electricity
heat form Earth's core
heat from the sun
chemical energy
about (a) % is alt water in the oceans
the other 3% _____ _____, but is mostly frozen in snow and glaciers
(a)
the total amount of water on Earth remains (a)
hydrosphere warmed mostly by the sun, but also by the Earth's core
True
Yes
Climate
average conditions occurring over a period of 30 years or longer
e.g. Alberta has a relatively cold and dry climate compared to Brazil, which I warm and humid
Day-to-day conditions, including
- temperature and air pressure
- cloud cover and humidity
- procipitation
Today is snowing with a temperature of 10 Celsius
weather
average conditions occurring over a period of 30 years or longer
e.g. Alberta has a relatively cold and dry climate compared to Brazil, which I warm and humid
Day-to-day conditions, including
- temperature and air pressure
- cloud cover and humidity
- procipitation
Today is snowing with a temperature of 10 Celsius
The climate of a region has several effects on the humans that live there, including
population distribution
clothing and shelter considerations
heating and cooling requirements
food availability and agricultural options
portunities
The better suited to its climate an organism is, the worse it's chances of survival
Yes
True
False
No
an (a) is a change in the structure of functioning of an organism that makes it more suited to its environment
what are examples of adaptation
animal in cold weather has tiny ears to prevent heat loss
animal in hot areas has large, thin ears to maximize heat loss
plant in dry areas has fat leaves prevent water loss
plant in wet areas has flat and wide leaves collect water
climate is long term - _______ ______ refers to a noticeable change in average temperatures in a region over time.
(a)
a few common questions arise when discussing climate change:
is climate change really happening, or are environmentalists using scare tactics?
if climate change is occurring over such long terms, how do we know for sure?
if climate change has occurred several times over Earth's history, why are we so worried now?
All of them above
______ _______ IS happening - no educated scientist, politician or environmentalist disputes this.
- what IS up for debate is why is it happening and if it is cause for concern
- Since 1990, the global average temperature has risen by 0.6°C, the northern hemisphere is substantially warmer than at any point during the past 1,000 years
(a)
Climate change:
- the key is that its GLOBAL AVERAGE temperatures - it doesn't necessarily mean that all regions of the world will experience warming at all.
- In Canada, it could actually result in cooling temperatures and extreme weather events
True
False
Changing climates
a variety of evidence exists to demonstrate that the climate of the Earth has varied throughout its history
this change continues today, and is often referred to as global warming
some of the evidence we use depends upon humans, so it only describes the last few thousand years.
some of the evidence allows us to look back at the Earth's conditions prior to humans arriving.
Two general categories of evidence exist:
_________(starts with 'a') and ____________(starts with 'i') evidence.
(a)
anecdotal evidence
is most often quantitative in nature
evidence based on stories people tell
from the word "anecdote", meaning a short, personal story of an individual's experiences
may require special equipment to take the specific and reliable measurements
includes any evidence that comes as a result of measurement
instrumental evidence
is most often quantitative in nature
evidence based on stories people tell
from the word "anecdote", meaning a short, personal story of an individual's experiences
may require special equipment to take the specific and reliable measurements
includes any evidence that comes as a result of measurement
two types of evidence of tracking climate:
direct evidence
indirect evidence
anecdotal evidence
instrumental evidence
______ ________ - explicitly indicates global warming is occurring, based on an actual measure change in global temperatures
(a)
________ ________ - The evidence seems to support the idea of climate change but does not involve direct measurement of temperature
(a)
Direct evidence
uses historical data from scientists to farmers, people have been recording weather and temperature information for hundreds of years
patterns emerge and are often used to predict future weather, such as in the Farmer's Almanac limited in how far back a written record goes; restricted only to the last few hundred years
different types of evidence exist that support the idea of climate change, though are not a direct measurement of temperature.
Indirect evidence
uses historical data from scientists to farmers, people have been recording weather and temperature information for hundreds of years
patterns emerge and are often used to predict future weather, such as in the Farmer's Almanac limited in how far back a written record goes; restricted only to the last few hundred years
different types of evidence exist that support the idea of climate change, though are not a direct measurement of temperature.
what are some types of indirect evidence
ice core sampling
Fossil records of insects
Pollen sampling from lakes
Tree ring analysis
Tree ring analysis
tree rings reflect the changing seasons of cold and drought, warmth and precipitation during the life f a tree
By examining wood from trees of different ages and different periods, a continuous record of climate changes can be established that goes back a few thousand years.
The tree's age can be figured out by counting the pairs of light and dark rings. It's easier to see the dark rings so they are usually the ones used for counting.
Tree analysis:
- Thickness:
How wide a ring is can tell you if the environment was good or bad for the tree to grow in.
In years when the amount of rain and temperature were good a tree's rings are wider.
In bad years tree's are thinner.
Tree analysis:
shape:
if rings start to become thinner on one side than the other it probably means the tree is leaning over to one side
High winds or a big storm can cause a tree to lean.
can be left by insects or disease.
a forest fire can leave burnt marks.
Tree analysis:
Strange marks or scars,
if rings start to become thinner on one side than the other it probably means the tree is leaning over to one side
High winds or a big storm can cause a tree to lean.
can be left by insects or disease.
a forest fire can leave burnt marks.
Ice core sampling
By obtaining a sample of a column of ice 10,000 feet down in our ice sheets, we are looking at ice made over 700,000 years ago.
By analyzing the tiny bubbles of air trapped in this ice, scientists can collect information about
- the quantity of air at that time
- CO2 levels
- Approximate air pressure
By examining fossil records or pollen samples from the past, we can determine what plants and insects existed at that point in Earth's history.
since we know that plants and animals are adapted to particular climates(temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight), we can make conclusions about the conditions in the area in which they were found.
Fossil recors & pollen samples
By obtaining a sample of a column of ice 10,000 feet down in our ice sheets, we are looking at ice made over 700,000 years ago.
By analyzing the tiny bubbles of air trapped in this ice, scientists can collect information about
- the quantity of air at that time
- CO2 levels
- Approximate air pressure
By examining fossil records or pollen samples from the past, we can determine what plants and insects existed at that point in Earth's history.
since we know that plants and animals are adapted to particular climates(temperature, humidity, amount of sunlight), we can make conclusions about the conditions in the area in which they were found.
You might have heard that __________ _____ are to blame for climate change - that's partly true.
(a)
what are some natural factors of climate change
solar fluctuations
slight 'wobbles' n the Earth's orbit
the movement of the continents
human activities
the sun's energy is _______ ______ (energy that is transmitted in waves)
(a)
There is only one type of wave radiating from the sun
False
False
All waves from the sun travel at the same speed, the speed of light is approximately
3.00 x 108 m/s
6 378.1 km
149.41 million km
343 m / s
The speed of light
(a)
Nearly al Earth's energy comes from the sun.
True
Real
Yes
Correct
(a) is the process by which the sun's energy teaches us.
Climate is largely determined by the amount of solar radiation striking the Earth's surface; this is known as (a)
(a) is determined by the angle at which the light strikes the Earth
The _____ __ ___________ refers to the angle of the Earth's axis compared to the vertical
(a)
the angle of inclination is
(a)
The Earth orbits the sun once per year; the Earth's tilt is the reason for the seasons.
It is important to distinguish between hemispheres when discussing seasons.
True
False
An (a) occurs when the Earth is tilted sideways relative to the sun
- The number of daylight hours = the number of hours in darkness.
A (a) occurs when Earth is tilted toward or away from the sun
- The number of daylight hours is at maximum or minimum
Areas close to the equator
Experience short sunrises and sunsets
Have very few variances in the number of daylight hours from season to season
Experience long sunrises and sunsets
have significant variances in the number of daylight hours
- Summer: 23 daylight | 1 hour darkness
- Winter: 1 daylight | 23 hours of darkness
Areas close to the poles
Experience short sunrises and sunsets
Have very few variances in the number of daylight hours from season to season
Experience long sunrises and sunsets
have significant variances in the number of daylight hours
- Summer: 23 daylight | 1 hour darkness
- Winter: 1 daylight | 23 hours of darkness
The shape of the Earth also plays a part in insolation.
- Because it's spherical, a light ray hitting at the equator stikes the Earth with more intensity than a light ray hitting at a higher latitude.
True
False
Real
Fake
The _____ __ _________ is the angle between the incoming sun ray and a line perpendicular to the Earh's surface
(a)
The (a) of a surface is the percent of solar radiation that it reflects
The average albedo for Earth's surface is (a) %
(a)
Implications of Albedo
Snow and Ice have a much higher albedo, and so from regions reflect more of the sun's energy as heat.
The albedo of most regions in Canada is significantly higher in winter than in summer
In the Arctic, the albedo is a high year-round
Deserts also have a high albedo because they lack vegetation to absorb the sun's rays.
The climate of a region is largely determined by the insolation, or amount of sunlight, the area gets. Insolation is affected by:
- The angle of Inclination - due to the tilt of the Earth, areas further from the equator see more variation in seasonal temperatures and the number of daylight hours.
- The angle of Incidence - due to the spherical shape of the Earth, The answer is I have not read it, areas further from the equator get less direct and intense sunlight.
- Once the sun hits the Earth's surface, it may be absorbed or reflected, depending on the allbedo of the surface(high albedo = high reflection | Low albedo = high absorption)
I have read it
I have not read it
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as thermal energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to space, and a portion is absorbed by the atmosphere.
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect
-Without this, Earth would be 33°C colder
I have read it
I have not read it
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as (a) energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to space, and a portion is absorbed by the atmosphere.
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect
-Without this, Earth would be 33°C colder
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as thermal energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to (a) , and a portion is absorbed by the atmosphere.
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect
-Without this, Earth would be 33°C colder
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as thermal energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to space, and a portion is absorbed by the (a) .
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect
-Without this, Earth would be 33°C colder
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as thermal energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to space, and a portion is absorbed by the atmosphere.
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the _______ __________ ______
-Without this, Earth would be 33°C colder
(a)
Where do the reflected rays go?
- The energy gets radiated back into the atmosphere as thermal energy.
- Normally, a portion of this energy is lost to space, and a portion is absorbed by the atmosphere.
- The trapping of this heat by the atmosphere is called the Natural Greenhouse Effect
-Without this, Earth would be (a) °C colder
__________ _____ are gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect.
- The main naturally-occurring greenhouse gas is water vapor. Other natural gases include: Carbon dioxide, Methane, Dinitrogen monoxide, other gases(incl. Ozone&halocarbons)
(a)
(a) are mostly man-made chemicals used in a range of applications over the past century. Halocarbons comprise a wide range of gases. They are compounds that only contain carbon and one or more halogens such as fluorine, chlorine and bromine.
Before human activity made such an impact, the Earth's _________ ______ was balanced.
- That is, some thermal energy was reflected out into space, and some absorbed into the atmosphere ------> the net result was zero.
(a)
Net radiation budget = outgoing radiation - incoming radiation
- If a buildup of greenhouse gases causes more radiation to be absorbed by the atmosphere, we have a surplus ----> this will cause global temperatures to rise.
Correct
Incorrect
Thermal energy moves from an area of high temperature to an area of low temperature
Yes
No
Radiation: emission of energy as particles or waves
- when radiant energy encounters particles of matter, those particles will either re-radiate the energy back into space or pass the energy on to other particles.
Correct
Incorrect
There are two methods for passing energy onto other particles
Conduction
Convection
Conclusion
Condensation
Transfer of thermal energy (heat) through direct contact between particles.
- A most common method of heat transfer in solid, because it does require movement of particles to a different location
- Particles pass their energy on to neighboring particles by vibrating against them
(a)
Transfer of thermal energy (heat) through the movement of particles from one location to another
- usually occurs in fluids - liquids and gases - by inducing a convection current.
- Some particles heat up and begin moving faster
- As warm particles move apart they become less dense and rise
-When the particles contact cooler particles, they cool and fall back down
(a)
___________ ________ is the pressure exerted by the mass of air above any point on earth's surface
(a)
WWarm air is less dense than col air therefore, ______ regions of the atmosphere exert less atmospheric pressure than the ______ regions
(a)
(a) = movement of cool air from these areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
This deflection of any object from a straight-line path by the rotation of the Earth is known as ___ ________ ______
(a)
However, since Earth is spining, the winds are deflected to the left(in the Northern hemisphere) or the right( in the Southern Hemisphere)
False
true
winds blow _?_ around low pressure in northern hemisphere
clockwise
anticlockwise
winds blow _?_ around high pressure in northern hemisphere
clockwise
anticlockwise
when flowing towards the Pole, air is deflected towards the (a)
when flowing away from the pole it deflected (a)
air moving away from the equator speeds up as it gets closer to the Earth's spin axis
True
False
____________ __ _______ ________ is a physical property of a spinning system such that its spin remains constant unless it is acted upon by an external torque; put another way, the speed of rotation is constant as long as net torque is zero.
(a)
___ _______: Are bands of fast-moving air in the stratosphere that travels much faster then wind in the troposphere,
(a)
Polar front jet:
- it marks the boundary between the cold polar air and warm tropical air, known as the Polar Front
- It is the result of the temperature contrast across the Polar Front.
- The stronger the temperature contrast across the front, the stronger the jet. So the polar front jet is stronger in the winter than the summer
True
False
_____ _____: predominately easterly winds that blow steadily over the ocean areas(flowing west). Northeast trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere, southeast trade winds in the Southeast Hemisphere.
- The persistence of these winds allowed sailing ships to cross the Atlantic and opened up trade routes between Europe and America
(a)
A (a) is a large geographical region with particular climatic conditions
A description of a biome includes:
The typical range of temperature
The typical range of the precipitation
The plants and animals that are adapted to those conditions
Biomes function as a (a) system
How many biomes are there
(a)
(a)
- most of it is found around the Arctic circle.
- The number of hours of daylight varies greatly and in winter, this biome receives little to no insolation
- Ice and snow cover most of it year-round, known as permafrost
- This means the region has a high albedo and therefore reflects most radiation into space.
Because of a lack of sun, it is characterized by the coldest and driest conditions of any biome.
Plants:
- Short life cycle (to reproduce during a shorter summer period)
- Small and lie close to the groud
Animals
- Feed mostly on fish
- Protect themselves by burrowing underground or with thick coats and squat bodies
(a)
Typically found just south of the tundra.
- Also called Boreal Forest, due to the abundance of conifer(evergreen) trees
- Taiga's conditions are similar but less extreme than tundra
- longer growing season
-slightly warmer and wetter
(a)
Plants:
- Most have needles to make them resistant to drought and freezing during long winters
-"Evergreen" means the animals
- Tend to be inactive during winter(burrow or hibernate)
- May have color-changing coats for camouflage.
-Birds tend to migrate south for winter
(a)
Typically found in North and South America, Asia, Europe, and Australia.
- Distinguished by trees that lose their leaves in the fall (Deciduous trees)
- More moderate climate and longer growing season than taiga.
- Due to variation in insolation, this biome has very distinct winter and summer seasons
- Rich mixture of plants/animals is supported by this type of forest.
(a)
Roughly the same precipitation as taiga but with warmer temperatures
Plants:
- Broad-leaved trees
- Forests have lots of undergrowth
Animals:
- Most are active year round, but tend to reproduce in spring and summer.
(a)
(a) occur on all continents and may have different names like prairie or savanna
- Characterized by grasses and few trees.
- The temperature range can vary greatly depending on the continent, however, it always receives little precipitation.
- Edmonton falls within the Grassland and Taiga border; North of Edmonton is Taiga and South of Edmonton is grassland.
Plant
-Drought-tolerant with extensive root systems
Animal
- Tend to be grazers, and able to travel long distances for food and water.
(a)
The warmest and wettest biome, also characterized by the richest variety of plants and animals
- Plants grow year-round
- Amount of shade varies at different levels of the forest; high precipitation.
- Rich biodiversity in these forests with some of the most diverse range of flora and fauna.
(a)
Plants
- Maximize their access to sunlight
-grow tall, high
-leaves are broad and dark green
Animals
-Active year-round
- adapted to a particular part/level of the rainforest
-ground
-mid tree level
-treetops
(a)
Similar to tundra, the dry conditions mean little plant life is available.
- Unlike tundra, It receives high insolation and is marked by hot temperatures during the day
- Since there is a lack of water and plant life to hold the thermal energy (heat) from the day. It tends to be quite cold at night time
(a)
Plants
- Cacti are adapted to retain water and minimize transpiration
Animals
- Require very little water
- Tend to be more active at night
One concern about climate change is the growth of
the desert biome as other biomes become hotter and
drier.
(a)
(a) are summary graphs that describve the average temperature and precipitation each month for a given region.
- The horizontal axis (X-axis) is divided by the month
-Average precipitation is marked along the left vertical axis (Y-axis) and is represented by bars on the graph
- Average temperatures are marked along the right vertical axis and are represented by a line graph
Climatographs are most useful when they compare the climate of two different areas.
- They can also help us identify factors that determine the climate, such as:
- Insolation - mostly due to the latitude of the region Patterns of global winds
- Patterns of warm and cold ocean currents
You can also use climategraphs to predict the biome of the region!
I've read it
I have read it
I already read it
I haven't read it
The (a) transfers thermal energy in a similar way as in the atmosphere
Surface ater is pushed by _____ _____.
(a)
Deeper water travels by __________ _______.
(a)
Warmer waters near the equator are driven by convection currents toward the poles
- Currents in the Northern Hemisphere circle _________
- Currents in the Southern Hemisphere circle ________________
clockwise
clockwise
counterclockwise
counterclockwise
clockwise
counterclockwise
counterclockwise
clockwise
Unlike air currents which don't have to circulate around something, water currents are disrupted by the (a)
Cities in the same latitude have the same average temperatures
True
False
Cities next to oceans experience more moderate (less extreme) temperatures because after can absorb heat without changing temperature.
yes
No
The __________ _____ is the movement of water molecules throughout the biosphere
(a)
The heat of ______ of a substance is the amount of energy absorbed when 1 mol of the substance melts from solid to liquid without changing temperature.
- It is equal to the heat of ______________, which is the amount of heat released when 1 mol of the substance freezes.
(a)
The heat of ____________ of a substance is the amount of energy absorbed when 1 mol of the substance evaporates from liquid to gas without changing temperature.
- It is equal to the heat of ____________, which is the amount of heat released when 1 mol of the substance condenses from gas to liquid.
(a)
The amount of energy absorbed or released during a phase change can be calculated by this formula
Amount of heat energy absorbed or released(KJ)
Divided by
Number of mols
True
False
Water vapor is the most abundant naturally-occurring greenhouse gas
True
False
True and False
You can compare the effect of a specific greenhouse gas based on two factors:
- ___________ reflects the number of years the gas remains in the atmosphere
- The ______ _______ _________ (GWP) of a gas represents its ability to trap thermal energy in the atmosphere
(a)
Although water vapour plays the largest role in the greenhouse effect, it is naturally kept in balance by the hydrologic cycle
- The greenhouse gases that we're most concerned about, therefore, are the gases that aren't kept in balance, especially carbon dioxide.
True
Very True
So True
100%True
Carbon Sinks
Any process that removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
The most significant carbon sink is photosynthesis
Other carbon sinks include the Dissolving of CO2 in the ocean
Other carbon sinks include Carbon sequestration initiatives
Carbon sources
Any process that releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
The most significant carbon source is fossil fuel production and combustion
Other carbon sources include:
- Cellular respiration
-Weathering of rock
-Decomposition of living organisms
OTher carbon sources include:
-Dissolving of CO2 in the ocean
- Carbon sequestration initiatives
(a) contributes to he greenhouse effect because:
-Manure and fertilizers release nitrous oxide
-Livestock contribute methane
(a) are man-made chemicals used in coolants.
- Though their chemical structure makes them ideal for use in fridges and air conditioners, their ability to absorb thermal energy also makes them powerful greenhouse gases
- One category of halocarbons, called CFCs, have a GWP of 12 000 (recall, this is 12000x more than carbon dioxide)
-Fortunately, CFCs have been banned worldwide since the 1980s, when it was discovered that they break down the ozone layer
Agriculture contributes to he greenhouse effect because:
-Manure and fertilizers release _______ _____
-Livestock contribute methane
(a)
Agriculture contributes to he greenhouse effect because:
-Manure and fertilizers release nitrous oxide
-Livestock contribute (a)
Halocarbons are man-made chemicals used in coolants.
- Though their chemical structure makes them ideal for use in fridges and air conditioners, their ability to absorb thermal energy also makes them powerful greenhouse gases
- One category of halocarbons called CFCs, has a GWP of 12 000 (recall, this is (a) x more than carbon dioxide)
-Fortunately, CFCs have been banned worldwide since the 1980s, when it was discovered that they break down the ozone layer
Halocarbons are man-made chemicals used in coolants.
- Though their chemical structure makes them ideal for use in fridges and air conditioners, their ability to absorb thermal energy also makes them powerful greenhouse gases
- One category of halocarbons called (a) s, has a GWP of 12 000 (recall, this is 12000x more than carbon dioxide)
-Fortunately, CFCs have been banned worldwide since the 1980s, when it was discovered that they break down the ozone layer
Halocarbons are man-made chemicals used in coolants.
- Though their chemical structure makes them ideal for use in fridges and air conditioners, their ability to absorb thermal energy also makes them powerful greenhouse gases
- One category of halocarbons called CFCs, has a GWP of 12 000 (recall, this is 12000x more than carbon dioxide)
-Fortunately, CFCs have been banned worldwide since the 1980s, when it was discovered that they break down the (a) layer
The start of this change in temperature coincides with the industrial revolution
Yes
No
The ________ ________ was an international agreement signed in 1987 by 182 nations
- Agreement was made to replace CFCs with less harmful chemicals in products such as refrigerators and air conditioners.
- CFCs had been found to cause a significant loss in ozone in the stratosphere
- This agreement was the first international agreement concerning an environmental issue
(a)
______ _______ _________ __________ __ _______ ______ was an agreemnt to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity
- The UNFCCC was not an action plan - it set out a process for future actions on climate change, specifically that future plans
(a)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Could not threaten global food production
Could not jeopardize the economic interests of any nation
Must support sustainable development (meeting today's needs without jeopardizing future generation's ability to meet their needs)
It was an agreement to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions caused by human activity
_____ ________
-In 1998, 161 countries signed an agreement to reduce the production of greenhouse gases
- The countries agreed to reduce their 5% lower than they were in 1990, by 2012.
- COuntries could also earn "credits" toward their reduction by
-Helping other countries lower their emissions
-Contributing to a carbon sink(e.g. planting trees)
(a)
Impacts of Climate Change
- As a result of climate change, ecologists predict, choose I have not read it, that we will see a change to the distribution of biomes in Canada
- These maps illustrate the predicted changes in appearance.
-The appearance of desert in southern Alberta
- The reduction of tundra and taiga biomes,
- The redistribution of grassland from southern Alberta to Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
- With the reduction of permafrost and snow cover, we will also see a significant reduction in albed
- As open water reflects less radiation than ice, global warming is expected to accelerate
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Impacts on Alberta
- Some of the predicted consequences of global warming that will directly affect our province are:
-An increase in the frequency and serity of droughts, which could mean a loss or change in crops
-An increase in insect population
-An increased risk of forest fires
-A loss of species biodiversity
-An increase in diseases associated with warmer climates, such as Lyme disease
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Atmosphere dust (solid particles less than _. (a) mm in diameter)
In troposphere, the temperature of the air tends to ________ with altitude.
increase
decrease
decrease then increase
increase then decrease
(a) is a reversal of normal temperature patterns seen in the troposphere. It may traps unusually cold air close to the ground. It tends to occur more often in areas close to mountains, where the air is forced to travel up over the higher elevations. There is also less air circulation during an inversion which can cause pollutants to become trapped close to the ground High levels of pollutants can affect the health of some people.
(a) is the amount of solar energy received by a region of Earth's surface.
The layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere) contain different mixtures of gases. These different gas mixtures absorb or reflect the energy from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. High-energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, are absorbed by (a) and nitrogen gases, mostly in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and stratosphere. Ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation. Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation as do other gases such as methane. Visible light and radio waves make it to Earth's surface with very little absorption by the atmosphere.
The layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere) contain different mixtures of gases. These different gas mixtures absorb or reflect the energy from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. High-energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, are absorbed by oxygen and nitrogen gases, mostly in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and stratosphere. Ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation. Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere absorb (a) radiation as do other gases such as methane. Visible light and radio waves make it to Earth's surface with very little absorption by the atmosphere.
The layers of the atmosphere (troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere) contain different mixtures of gases. These different gas mixtures absorb or reflect the energy from different areas of the electromagnetic spectrum. High-energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, are absorbed by oxygen and nitrogen gases, mostly in the mesosphere, thermosphere, and stratosphere. (a) absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation. Carbon dioxide and water vapour in the atmosphere absorb infrared radiation as do other gases such as methane. Visible light and radio waves make it to Earth's surface with very little absorption by the atmosphere.
(a) reflect some incoming solar radiation back into space. As a result, the air temperature is cooler on a cloudy day. However, clouds also absorb energy that is emitted by Earth's surface, which helps to warm the planet.
The Net radiation budget is balanced for Earth as a whole, some regions on Earth have an unbalanced net radiation budget, Latitude is an important factor in predicting whether the net radiation budget of a region will be out of balance. For example, polar regions tend to always have lower insolation and higher albedo than other regions on Earth. As a result, at polar latitudes (90S or 90N). there tends to be less incoming radiation than outgoing radiation. Regions on and near the equator always have a net radiation budget surplus.
Correct
Correct
When the water in the pot absorbs energy from the burner, the water molecules increase in kinetic energy. The water molecules then begin to move apart from one another, causing the water to expand in volume. This expansion lowers the density, or mass per volume, of the water. The less-dense water will rise to the top, forming an upward convection current. When it contacts the cooler air at the surface, the water will cool and contract, which increases its density and forms a downward convection current
Yes
No
Maybe
Sometimes
Cold air, being more dense, sinks and hot air, being less dense, rises. Consequently, the rising warm air at the equator becomes even less dense as it rises and its pressure decreases. An area of low pressure, therefore, exists over the equator.
Warm air rises until it reaches a certain height at which it starts to spill over into surrounding areas. At the poles, the cold dense air sinks. Air from the upper levels of the atmosphere flows in on top of it increasing the weight and creating an area of high pressure at the poles.
Yes
No
In regions at and near the equator, the rising current of air causes winds that blow steadily northeast and southeast, called the trade winds. Trade winds are caused by the action of the Coriolis effect, which deflects the rising currents of air to the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere. At latitudes of about 30 N and 30 S, some of the warm air from the equator is sufficiently cooled that it begins to sink and move back toward the equator. The rest of the warm air moves toward the poles and is pushed east by the Coriolis effect ,which causes cold air to rush in, in a westward direction. This gives rise to the westerly winds that prevail at the latitudes between 30 and 60 in both directions from the equator. At the poles, sinking cold air is pushed eastward, forming easterly winds.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
- Whenever water changes phase, thermal energy is either released or absorbed. The temperature of the water remains the same during a phase change, even though the quantity of thermal energy increases or decreases. Thermal energy is released when water goes from liquid to solid. When liquid water changes to water vapor thermal energy are absorbed. Through such changes of state, the hydrologic cycle therefore also transfers thermal energy through the biosphere.
- The hydrologic cycle also moves thermal energy, through absorption and release of energy by the attractive forces (bonds) that hold the water molecules together. Recall that during the hydrologic cycle, water changes phase many times. When any substance changes from solid phase to liquid phase, or from the liquid phase to vapor phase, the bonds between the particles become weaker and break. Breaking bonds always requires the absorption of energy. In contrast, when any substance changes from vapor phase to liquid phase, or from vapor phase to solid phase, new bonds are formed between the particles. Bond formation always releases energy. When energy is released or absorbed by the bonds between particles during a phase change, energy is transferred. However, when bonds break or form during a phase change, the temperature of the substance does not change. Temperature change only occurs when there is an increase or decrease in the kinetic energy of the particles. Since the energy is used to break bonds between the particles, this energy is not available to increase the kinetic energy of the particles.
YEs
yES
YeS
YES
One idea that some oil and gas companies are using is called ______ ______ ____________
(a)
CFCs, particular halocarbon compounds
(a)
GCM a climate model that incorporates the laws of physics to model climate on a global scale
(a)
(a) human-made chemicals that can absorb large quantities of thermal energy
ERCs credits given to a country under the Kyoto Protocol for actions that contribute to the global reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
(a)
HCFCs compounds with similar properties to CFCs, but which destroy ozone much more slowly
(a)
There are several different types of computer models of the climate, but the one that reflects the observed climate data of climate is the general circulation model(GCM). These highly sophisticated models incorporate the laws of physics to model climate on a global scale. GCMS centers on the effects of changes that affect Earth's energy balance (e.g., change in insolation, albedo, and/or absorption) on thermal energy transfer in the atmosphere. Since climate modeling is very expensive, scientists often pool their resources to use this technology to the best advantage.
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I have read it
I already read it
I have not read it
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They originate from the high-pressure areas in the horse latitudes and trend towards the poles and steer extratropical cyclones in this general manner.
yes
yes yes
no
no no
