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WorksheetsHuman Nutrition Final
Total questions: 205
Worksheet time: 2hrs 43mins
Too much flouride in the body can cause?
Arthritis
Diarrhea
Moltted Teeth
Microcytic Amenia
What is the most effective way for a child to develop a strong skeleton
To participate in fast, ground-based sports
To maximize calcium intake and absorption
To prevent goiters, which arise from calcium deficiency
To maximize vitamin D absorption and storage
As magnesium (Mg) intake increases:
The fractional absorption of Mg declines
Active transport becomes more important
The proportion of Mg absorbed depends on other minerals
The fractional absorption of Mg remains the same
Aging results in ________ HCl production in the stomach, which results in ________ iron absorption.
Decreased; greater
Decreased; reduced
Increased; reduced
Increased; greater
Why does selenium have an UL?
Because it is difficult to know what the selenium concentration is in grain
Because intakes at the UL provide additional benefits beyond the RDA
Because toxic effects of selenium have been reported.
Because there is no known symptoms of selenium toxicity
What adverse effect can goitrogens have
Decrease iodine uptake into the thyroid gland
Increase PTH production, leading to osteoporosis
Increase iodine levels, leading to goiter in adults
Cause goiter in babies
Which food would yield more iron absorption from a supplement?
A spinach salad
A high fiber English muffin with a cup of green tea
Peanut-butter on brown bread with a glass of milk
Orange juice
The level of calcium in the blood is maintained within a narrow limit by two hormones; _____ lowers blood calcium and _____ raises blood calcium.
Calcitonin; parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone; calcitonin
Aldosterone; thyroid stimulating hormone
Calcitonin; aldosterone
According to accelerometer data collected in the Canadian Community Health Survey, what proportion of adult Canadians meet the recommendations of 150 minutes of MVPA per week?
30%
5%
15%
52%
Exercise-associated hyponatremia is most often associated with
People who continue to exercise for several hours
People who consume to many sports drinks while exercising
People who over drink water while exercising
Both A and C occurring together.
Which athlete in what type of sport might benefit MOST from creatine supplementation?
Marathoner
Archer
Hockey player
Fencer
Which amino acid has been most linked to muscle protein synthesis?
Arginine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Mehionine
Which beverage is recommended for short workouts of less than an hour?
Water
Exclusively sports drinks
Half water, half sports drink
Energy drink
Running at a slow pace, and then sprinting involves which change?
From anabolic metabolism to catabolic
From anaerobic metabolism to aerobic
From catabolic metabolism to anabolic
From aerobic metabolism to anaerobic
Which of the following amino acids combine to form creatine?
Tryptophan, methionine, arginine
Isoleucine, glycine, arginine
Glycine, methionine, arginine
Methionine, valine, arginine
When someone trains strenuously for multiple hours a day, the proportion of energy from protein in their diet will
Stay the same
Increase
Decrease
Delilah is a national level high school cross country runner who consumes 2500 kcal/day. Her available energy (AE) calculates to be 41.8 kcal/kg body weight /day. Is her energy intake high enough?
No
Yes
Not enough information to determine
Protein in sports drink is likely to most benefit triathletes who consume a drink in which percent CHO during competition?
8% CHO
3% CHO
10% CHO
6% CHO
You are jogging in the park, but gradually run faster and faster, then keep going. Which one of the following options best describes the substrate(s) used as fuel by your body as you become very out of breath?
Only plasma glucose and muscle glycogen are used at this intensity
The most energy will come from muscle glycogen, but blood glucose, free fatty acids and other lipids will also be used
Energy will come nearly equally from plasma free fatty acids and glucose and muscle glycogen
Mostly free fatty acids will be used, but some CHO
This course will be delivered using a modified type of __________.
Problem Based Learning (PBL)
Case Based Learning (CBL)
Team Based Learning (TBL)
Flexible Based Learning (FBL)
The "Test Drive a Diet" project in this course requires students to
try an evidence-based scientific or environmental diet
attain a healthier weight
help someone else lose weight
help someone else eat a healthier diet
Nutrient density refers to _____________; ______________ is a more nutrient dense food than ______________.
The amount of nutrients per energy in a food; bread, kale
The amount of nutrients per energy in a food; broccoli, bread
The amount of energy per volume of a food; kale, rice
The amount of energy per weight of a food; a potato, carrot
An essential nutrient is required for health
and can be manufactured in the body from other constituents
but should be consumed within a narrow range of amounts
and can be acquired by either ingestion or made in the body
and must be acquired via ingestion
Malnutrition is a term that indicates which of the following?
Poor nutrition due to lack of energy-containing food
Poor nutrition due to either too much or too little energy ingestion
Poor nutrition due to excessive ingestion of energy-containing food
A food contains 5 g each of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid. How many kcals does it contain?
65 kcal
75 kcal
85 kcal
95 kcal
A processed food is defined as a food that
has more than five ingredients
requires heating or cooking before it can be eaten
has had preservatives added
has been treated or changed from its natural state
Which of the following research studies most likely had a single blind design?
Researchers tested responses to aspartame versus a sweetener with a similar sweetness taste in school children
The Canadian Community Health Survey asked adults how often they had consumed soy foods within the last year
A pharmaceutical company tested the effects of a novel drug against that of the one currently most often prescribed; neither those running the experiment nor the subjects knew who was taking which medication
Metabolic processes take place in the body to maintain a steady body temperature, heart rate, and blood glucose level. This steady state is called
an anabolic process
a catabolic process
metabolism
homeostasis
The instrument used to measure the energy in a food is a _______________. Contrary to the results from the test, people usually derive a lot more energy from __________ than from ___________.
bomb calorimeter; carbohydrate, protein
bomb calorimeter; protein, carbohydrate
HPLC; carbohydrate, protein
Kjeldahl; carbohydrate, protein
What is the basis for the order in which ingredients are listed on a food label?
Nutritional value
Contribution to total weight
Contribution to total volume
Alphabetical order
The AMDR for carbohydrate ranges from:
5 - 10%
10 - 35 %
45 - 65%
20 - 35%
The recommended EAR for a nutrient is the amount estimated to meet the needs of what % of individuals in the selected sex and life-stage group?
98%
33%
50%
75%
A consensus of Canadian scientists agreed that the RDA for calcium for people aged 19-50 years is 1000 mg/day and the UL is 2500 mg/day. A person in that demographic should eat:
Close to 2500 mg/d
Always over 1000 but less than 2500 mg/d
About 1000 mg but less than 2500 mg/d
Up to 1000 mg/d
If your daily intake of a vitamin does not meet the RDA,
You may not be meeting your needs
You necessarily have a poor diet
You are safe if you meet at least half of the RDA
Which is NOT legally required on a Nutrition Facts table?
Grams of fat
Kcalories from fibre
Grams of protein
Kcals per serving
Similar foods from 2 different companies are labelled as follows: Good source of calcium; excellent source of calcium. Are these claims allowed? If so, do they mean the same thing?
No, they are not allowed.
Yes, they are allowed. They do not mean the same thing
Yes, they are allowed. They might have the same amount of calcium because the sizes could be quite different.
Susanne went to a drug store to buy a nutritional supplement. To ensure that her supplements have been approved for use in Canada, what should she look for?
Risk information
Contact information for manufacturer
NHP number
List of medical ingredients
Which statement best describes Eating Well with Canada's Food Guide: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis?
The First Nations, Inuit, and Metis food guide recognizes the cultural values of the aboriginal peoples by incorporating traditional foods, such as wild game fish, into the food guide.
The First Nations, Inuits, and Metis Food Guide recognizes the cultural values of the aboriginal peoples by emphasizing the store-bought foods they typically buy.
The First Nations, Inuits, and Metis Food Guide is available in several aboriginal languages but otherwise it is the same as Canada's Food guide.
A person consumes 2000 kcalories and 80 grams of protein. How would you calculate the %kcal from protein?
2000 / 80, then multiply by 4, then convert to a percentage
2000 / 4, then multiply by 80, then convert to a percentage
2000 / (80 X 4), then convert to a percentage
(80 X 4) / 2000, then convert to a percentage
What happens when the esophageal sphincter contracts?
Food is prevented from re-entering the esophagus from the stomach
Food flows from the esophagus into the stomach
Food leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine
Food is eliminated through the body through the anus
Most fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the:
Vascular system
Lymphatic system
Adrenal system
Transit system
What are the protein molecules that accelerate the rate of specific chemical reactions without being changed themselves?
Hormones
Chime
Probiotics
Enzymes
The stomach wall is protected from the acidity of the gastric juice by:
A viscous layer of mucus
The bacteria Helicobacter pylori
The enzyme pepsin
The hormone gastrin
For a patient who is unable to swallow and has stomach cancer, which feeding method is recommended?
Total parenteral nutrition
Antacid treatment
Tube-feeding
Epiglottal massage
Which of the following anatomical structures is found in the third most distal location in the digestive tract?
Pyloric sphincter
Ileocecal sphincter
Sphincter of jedi
Sphincter of Oddi
The pancreas secretes fluid that contains digestive enzymes and:
Bile
Chime
Bicarbonate ions
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
What is the active protein-digesting enzyme secreted in the gastric juice?
Peptic ulcer
Pepsinogen
Pepsin
Parietal cells
Which of the following is NOT one of the main processes that allow nutrients to be absorbed from the GI tract into circulation?
Passive diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active diffusion
Active transport
Which of the following is an example of probiotic ingestion?
Eating yogurt which contains live bacteria
Taking an antibiotic to clear up an infection
Drinking alcohol with our meals to kill foodborne pathogens
Pasteurization of our food supply
Which of the following meals is likely to stay in the stomach the longest?
Thick squash soup with bread, coffee with soy milk and honey
Cheesburger, small French fries, small soft drink, ice cream
Grilled chicken breast, mashed potato made with milk, green beans, skim milk
Tuna sandwich on whole wheat, pickle, ice tea
What is the composition of sucrose?
One molecule of sucrose, a 6-carbon monosaccharide
Two molecules of fructose
Two molecules of glucose
One molecule of fructose and one molecule of glucose
Which of the following sequences represent a polysaccharide followed by a disaccharide followed by a monosaccharide?
Starch, sucrose, fructose
Glucose, maltose, lactose
Sucrose, fructose, glycogen
Galactose, glycogen, starch
Which of the following is an example of an anabolic process?
Splitting of maltose by brush border enzymes
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Amino acid absorption
Which best describes the chemical structure of glycogen?
It is comprised of glucose molecules linked to form large and highly branched molecules
It is comprised of glucose and galactose molecules linked to form large linear molecules
It is comprised of amylose and amylopectin chains linked to form large and highly branched molecules
It is comprised of glucose molecules linked to form large linear molecules
Which of the following statements about type 1 diabetes is TRUE?
The disease occurs when cells are no longer sensitive to insulin.
The immune system destroys the pancreatic cells that produce insulin
Obesity is a major risk factor for developing this disease
Type 1 is the most common type of diabetes
Which of the following statements about indigestible carbohydrates is TRUE?
They can be a good source of prebiotics for microflora in the GI tract
They do not interact with other substances in the gut
They contribute more kcalories than simple carbohydrates
They are a poor source of dietary fibre
What is a well-documented health problem associated with excess sugar intake?
Type 1 diabetes
Diverticular disease
Hyperactivity
Dental carries
Increasing levels of glucose in the blood results in the release of _________ from the __________
Epinephrine from the adrenal glands
Glucagon from the pancreas
Insulin from the pancreas
Glucagon from the liver
How do the physiological effects of soluble and insoluble fibre differ?
Both soluble and insoluble fibre decrease transit, but insoluble fibre forms viscous solutions in the gut, while soluble fibre does not
Insoluble fibre decreases transit time, while soluble fibre increases transit time because it forms a viscous solution in the gut
Both soluble and insoluble fibre increase transit time, but soluble fibre forms viscous solutions in the gut, while insoluble fibre does not
Soluble fibre decreases transit time, while insoluble fibre increases transit time because it forms viscous solution in the gut
How might intestinal inflammation result in lactose intolerance?
Inflammation reduces the production of brush border enzyme, lactase, preventing the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose
Inflammation reduces the effectiveness of the pancreatic enzyme amylase, preventing the breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose
Inflammation reduces the production of the brush border enzyme lactase, preventing the breakdown of lactose into glucose and fructose
Inflammation reduces the production of the brush border enzyme maltase, preventing the breakdown of lactose into two glucose molecules
How does dietary fibre help reduce blood-cholesterol levels?
By binding cholesterol and bile acids in the GI tract
By blocking reabsorption of bile acids in the GI tract
By inhibiting cholesterol synthesis in the liver
All of the above
Which of the following components is NOT part of an amino acid?
A phosphate group
An amino group
An R group (side chain/functional group)
An alpha-carbon
Which statement best describes the protein intake of the Canadian population?
It is an area of concern because it is less likely that the minimum recommendation of 10% of total energy intake
More than half of Canadians' protein intake is from plant sources
More than half of Canadian's protein intake is from animal sources
It is not an area of concern as almost all Canadians consume more than the minimum amounts recommended
Which of the following groups has the highest protein requirement (amount of protein required per unit of body weight)?
People over 70 years old
Adult men
Adults who exercise
Infants
What is the function of the enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin?
Reduce the energy needed to transport amino acids out of the intestinal cells
The rearrangement of the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
The breaking of large polypeptides into smaller peptides
The synthesis of non essential AAs
What is the amino acid pool?
Amino acids that are soluble in bodily fluids
Amino acids used by the body for energy
Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be supplied by the diet
Amino acids present in body tissues and fluids that are available for protein synthesis
Which statement describes a situation with negative nitrogen balance?
An individual is growing
An individual is wasting as a result of protein-energy malnutrition
Protein intake exceeds the body's protein requirements
Total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days
Severe PEM in adults can result in ________ and caused by ___________
Kwashiorkor; alcoholism
Kwashiorkor; AIDS
Marasmus; alcoholism
Diabetes; AIDS
What happens when a protein is heated? When the heat is removed, it can/cannot return to its original shape.
Denaturation; can
Deamination; can
Deamination; cannot
Denaturation; cannot
What is the waste product resulting from the conversion of an amino acid into glucose?
Ketone bodies
Triglycerides
Urea
ATP
Hemoglobin is an example of what structure?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quarternary
The major source of saturated fats in the Canadian diet is from:
Eggs and egg-containing dishes
Cheese
Meat and meat-containing dishes
Desserts with dairy content
Which of the following fatty acids is most unlikely to be found in food?
C21:4
C22:4
C18:3
C16:0
Which of the following is NOT true of trans fats?
When produced by industry, they are also called PHOs
Naturally occurring trans fats are found in dairy products
Evidence shows that it contributes to CVD
Trans fats decrease the shelf life of food
The above fatty acid is (do your own counting):
an essential fatty acid
a MUFA
in a cis configuration
Both an essential fatty acid and a cis configuration
What do the 3 structures above, from A to C, depict?
phospholipid, cholesterol, triglyceride
phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol
triglyceride, cholesterol, phospholipid
cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid
Which of the above lipids is most soluble in both water and oil?
A
B
C
All of them
Which of the following is true about cholesterol in food?
Some cholesterol can be derived from plants
A small amount of dietary cholesterol is required because we cannot produce enough for hormonal synthesis
Plant sterols have the same deleterious effects as cholesterol
People who consume no animal-derived foods consume no cholesterol
People who do not eat animal fat cannot make chylomicrons
False
True
Only in some conditions.
Which of the following foods provide EPA and DHA?
Milk
Mackerel
Flaxseed
Walnuts
Which of the following statements is true about EPA and DHA?
We can make enough of both EPA and DHA from ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) in our bodies.
Dietary DHA is correlated with lower HDL levels in the blood
People with obesity can decrease the fat in their livers by supplementing with DHA and EPA.
They are long chain fatty acids with 2 and 3 double bonds.
Where is Bile formed?
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder
Kidney
Which of the following methods is the most accurate method for determining body composition?
Bod Pod
Duel energy x-ray absorptiometry
Body Mass Index
Underwater weighing
As people age, which factor can result in an increase in body weight?
A decrease in food intake
An increase in exercise
A decrease in BMR
An increase in BMR
A negative energy balance refers to
An energy intake that is less than energy expenditure
An energy intake that is greater than energy expenditure
Neither of the above
What macronutrient is thought to have the greatest effect of satiation?
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrate
A low basal metabolic rate (BMR) would:
Mean that more calories would be needed to gain weight
Mean that fewer calories are needed to gain weight
Not affect the amount of calories needed to gain weight
The distribution of fat in the body can be an indicator of health risk. Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of heart disease, diabetes, and stroke?
A low hip to waist ratio
Subcutaneous fat deposited in the hips
Subcutaneous fat deposited in the thighs
Visceral fat deposited in the torso
Many B vitamins bind to and promote the activity of enzymes that are essential for the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. In this role B vitamins act as:
Coenzymes
Provitamins
Hormones
Cytokines
An elevation is homocysteine has been associated with an increased risk of CVD. In clinical studies, which vitamins have been shown to decrease levels of homocysteine in the blood?
Riboflavin, Vitamin E, and folate
Vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12
Vitamin A, Vitamin E, and Vitamin C
Pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin
Members of Grassy Narrows First Nation in Ontario continue to suffer from long term harm due to sever pollution of the water in which they fish. The pollutant is _________, which accumulates in _________ tissue of fish.
PCBs; fat
Methlymercury; muscle
Methylmercury; fat
Dioxin; muscle
Krista loves seafood but has a toddler and is pregnant. To avoid mercury and POPs, the best of the following fish for her family to buy occasionally would be:
Norwegian organic Atlantic Salmon (farmed)
Nova Scotia Atlantic salmon (farmed)
Swordfish (wild)
Bluefin tuna (wild)
At what life stage is hyperplastic obesity most likely to occur?
Late in life
Middle age
Young adult
Early childhood
Why is folate important for rapidly-dividing cells?
It is required for homocysteine synthesis
It is required for DNA synthesis
It is essential for lipid metabolism
It enhances the transfer of hydroxyl groups between molecules
What is a primary function of thiamine in the body?
Facilitating production of energy from glucose
Regulation of cell differentiation
Increasing uptake of iron by hemoglobin
Clot blood formation
What is the relationship between niacin and protein?
Niacin is required to synthesize several amino acids in the body
Niacin reduces the absorption of protein
Niacin can be synthesized from an amino acid
Niacin is needed to synthesize tryptophan
For which group is the vitamin B12 supplement least beneficial?
Older adults with significantly reduced stomach acid
People who do not consume any animal products
People eating diets high in animal products
Breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans
Which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body?
Facilitating release of energy from glucose
Formation of collagen
Protection against damage from free radicals
Improving the absorption of iron
What is a common adverse reaction of high doses of niacin?
Dermatitis
Flushing of the skin
Hives
Blood thinning
Dermatitis is the hallmark of which vitamic deficiency?
Vitamin E
Folate
Vitamin C
Niacin
Vitamin E would be most plentiful in which three types of foods?
Fruit, dairy, vegetables
Milk, meat, grains
Nuts, oils, seeds
Grains, vegetables, meat
Nina is a vegan who lives in Nunavut. What type of vitamin D supplement should she take?
D2, which is ergocalciferol and comes from plants
D2, which is cholecalciferol and comes from animals
D3, which is ergocalciferol and comes from plants
D3, which is cholecalciferol and comes from animals
Which best describes the action of carotenoids in the body?
They are carcinogens
They are antioxidants
They decrease blood glucose
They decrease cholesterol absorption
Vitamin B12 deficiency, which can be caused by the absence of intrinsic factor, results in what disease?
Beriberi
Scurvy
Pellagra
Pernicious anemia
Which nutrient causes excretion of calcium?
Magnesium
Iron
Zinc
Sodium
Too much fluoride in the body can cause:
Diarrhea
Mottled teeth
Microcytic anemia
Hives and dermatitis
The mineral MOST associated with wound healing is:
Calcium
Zinc
Magnesium
Cobalt
What substance in whole grains and cereals can bind with minerals and render them unabsorbable?
Phytate
Cellulose
Amylopectin
Tryptophan
Most fatty acids in food and in the body are bound to what molecule?
Branched chain fatty acids
Phospholipids
Glycerol
Cholesterol
Arrange the following lipid-containing compounds from the smallest to largest: (1) VLDL, (2) LDL, (3) HDL
2,3,1
1,3,2
3,2,1
2,1,3
What is the effect of high levels of HDLs in the blood?
Higher risk of atherosclerosis
Improved immune function
Increased risk of colon cancer
Reduced risk of heart disease
What allows fat and water to mix by breaking large fat globules into smaller ones?
Lecithin
Cis fatty acids
Chymotrypsin
Pepsin
What is the concequence of having your gallbladder removed?
The liver stops producing bile
The gallbladder stops producing bile
Dietary fat is unable to be ingested
The liver delivers small amounts of bile into the small intestine
Which of the following is true about EPA and DHA?
People with obesity can decrease the fat in their livers by supplementing with DHA and EPA
They are long chain fatty acids with 3 and 4 double bonds, respectively
Dietary DHA is correlated with lower HDL levels in the blood
We can make enough of both EPA and DHA from ALA (alpha-linolenic acid).
A netagive energy balance refers to
An energy intake that is less than energy expenditure
An energy intake that is greater than energy expenditure
None of the above options
When discussing diabetes, the beta-cells are cells in which organ?
pancreas
liver
gallbladder
hypothalamus
Which of the following statements about insulin resistance is FALSE?
As a result of insulin resistance, the pancreas must secrete more insulin to maintain normal blood glucose levels.
Insulin resistance is the first step of a sequence if events leading to type 2 diabetes
Induviduals with insulin resistance and a fully functional pancreas have very low blood insulin levels
Insulin resistance refers ti a situation when tissue become less responsive to insulin
For most young adults, rank the major components of energy expenditure from greatest to least
REE, energy consumption, and protein metabolism
REE, resting energy loss and TEF
Age, physical activity and TEF
REE, physical activity and TEF
Bob is 2.0 m tall and weighs 85 kg. His BMI is in which range?
Obese
Overweight
Normal
Undeweight
What causes the inflammation observed in obesity?
Elevated secretion of glucagon
Infiltration of adipose tissue by macraohages
Synthesis of triglycerides in the liver
Acute infection
Which of the following is NOT associated with the insulin-resistant state?
Excessive gluconeogenesis
Elevated levels of blood glucose
Decreased secretion of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
Elevated blood sugar
Which statement best describes the fat intake of Canadian adults?
Most fat intake comes from fast food snacks
It has risen significantly in the last 25 years
For the average Canadian, it exceeds the AMDR reccomendations
It has declined as a proportion of energy (calories)
Dr. Yoni Freedhoff wants Health Canada to change the recommendation in Canada's Food Guide to half of grain products each day be whole grain, with a recommendation that only whole grains be consumed. What is the basis for the current recommendation?
Guidelines were based on what people already eat
White but not whole wheat flour is fortified with folate
White but not whole wheat flour is fortified with vitamin B12
There is too much fibre in 100% whole grains
Which of the following statements is true?
GERD results from occasional reflux of gastric material through the esophageal sphincter
Heartburn results from an occasional reflux of gastric material through the sphincter of Oddi
ERD results from chronic reflux of gastric material through the pyloric sphincter
Heartburn results from an occasional reflux of gastric material through the esophageal sphincter
Pepsin is an enzyme that is produced in the
stomach to break down proteins
Stomach to break down carbs
duodenum to break down carbs
duodenum to break down proteins
What causes the release of the hormone gastrin?
contraction of the gastroesophageal sphincter
the presence of food in the stomach
the presence of the bacteria helocobacter pylori in the stomach
relaxation of the anal sphincter
Which serious condition can affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract?
Ulcerative colitis
IBS
Celiac disease
Crohn's disease
The absorption of what nutrient could be impaired if the gallbladder is not releasing enough bile?
sucrose
fat soluble vitamins
starch
amino acids
Which of the following sequences represents a disaccharide followed by a monosaccharide followed by a polysaccharide?
Sucrose fructose glycogen
glucose maltose lactose
starch sucrose fructose
galactose glycogen starch
Which of the following would not be expected to result in hypoglycemia?
use of too much insulin by someone with diabetes
oversecretion of insulin in response to the ingestion of glucose
oversecretion of insulin in response to the ingestion of starch
pancreatic tumours resulting in reduced secretion of insulin
Which statement regarding positive nitrogen balance is correct?
total body nitrogen balance does not change for 30 days
an individual is wasting as a result of protein energy malnutrition
an individual is growing
higher protein level are consumed when out of training due to injury
Which is a consequence of protein denaturation?
decreased nutritional value of protein
altered 3-D shape of the protein
he peptide bonds are broken
altered sequence of amino acids in protein
What is a fatty acid that has only single bonds between carbon atoms called?
saturated
unsaturated
monounsaturated
polyunsaturated
Which is not a dietary source of cholesterol?
eggs
butter
fish
margarine
Which of the following is correct?
both POPs and Hg accumulate in muscle but not fat
POPs and Hg are in both fat and muscle
POPs and not Hg are lipophilic but only Hg accumulates in muscle
POPs and not Hg accumulate in muscle but only Hg is lipophilic
Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods which enzyme is required for absorption?
pepsin
amylase
bile
lipase
What statement about the processing of foods is true ?
As the structure of the foods is broken down sodium is lost from the foods
processing destroys minerals
processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc
Potassium is often added during food processing
Which of the following statements is true?
More calcitonin is produced in response to low blood calcium
Oxalates increase the absorption of fluoride from water
Phytates in cereal enhance the absorption of iro
The concentration of selenium in gran in Canada varies widely
Which is not a symptoms of zinc deficiency?
hair loss
impaired reproduction
anemia
reduced immune function
What is the primary function of iodine in the body?
regulates metabolic rate as a component of thyroid hormones
antioxidant to reduce the number of free radicals
as a component of hemoglobin
Functions in carbohydrate metabolism
Which statement best distinguishes between the absorption of heme and non-heme iron?
Non-heme iron is absorbed in the ferric form which is more soluble than ferrous form
Both are equally well absorbed
Heme iron is more readily absorbed into the muscosal cell than non-heme iron
Heme iron is absorbed and binds to ferritin in the muscosal cell while non-heme iron is bound to transferrin
Which of the following are required on a natural product label ?
contraindications or adverse reactions if they exist for the product
%daily value
caloric content of the daily dose
medicinal ingredients only and not non-medicinal
What symptoms are common to both dehydration and water intoxication?
dark urine
mental confusion
dry mouth
hyponatremia
As calcium intake increases...
active transport becomes more important.
fractional absorption of calcium declines.
fractional absorption of calcium remains the same.
more vitamin C is required.
___________ is a component of glutathione peroxidase that helps destroy free radicals.
Chromium
Boron
Selenium
Nickel
POPs but not Hg are lipophilic but only Hg accumulates in muscle.
eggs
almonds
steak
lobster
From what are bile, vitamin D, and some hormones such as testosterone and estrogen derived?
cholesterol
trans fatty acids
phospholipids
eicosamoids
What would be an effect be of a decrease in the ability of LDL receptors to bind to LDLs?
an increase of LDL loss in the urine.
increased HDLs levels in the blood.
an increased risk of atherosclerosis.
increased chylomicrons levels in the blood.
Which part of the body stores over half of the body magnesium?
skeleton
kidneys and spleen
liver
muscles
Which statement about processing food is TRUE?
processing destroys minerals.
as the structure of foods is broken down, sodium is lost from processed foods.
the processing of grains causes the loss of magnesium, selenium and zinc.
potassium is often added during food processing.
Heavy metals are minerals that have negative effects on our health. Which of the following is common in water in Nova Scotia and longterm exposure of it increases the risk of cancer?
lead
chromium
cadmium
arsenic
A resting blood pressureof 116/66 would be considered to be...?
pre-hypertensive
too low
very healthy
hypertensive
What is the primary function of iodine in the body?
an antioxidant, to reduce the number of free radicals
as a component of hemoglobin
as a cofactor in the immune system
regulates metabolic rate as a component of thyroid hormones
Shipwrecked, and without fresh water, you drank ocean water. You became dehydrated because...?
your gastrointestinal tract absorbed more water from the body.
your body fluids absorbed more water than usual from the gastrointestinal tract.
you lack of protein intake caused edema.
Canadians have a high intake of ____ and a low intake of ____.
high: sodium, low: phosphorus
high: sodium and chloride, low: potassium
high: iron, low: potassium
high: sodium, low: potassium and chloride
What is the relationship between niacin and protein?
niacin is required to synthesize several essential amino acids in the body.
Niacin reduces the absorption of protein.
niacin is needed to synthesize tryptophan
niacin can be synthesized from amino acid.
For which group is taking vitamin B12 supplements the LEAST beneficial?
people who eat diets high in animal products.
older adults with significantly reduced stomach acid.
people who dont consume any animal products.
breastfed infants whose mothers are vegans.
The AMDR for protein ranges from...
45-65 %
20-35%
5-10%
10-35%
In which situation for a nutrient most likely to be exceeded?
when supplements are taken in excess of recommended doses.
when larger quantities of food are consumed by athletes.
when people are recovering from surgery and need more energy.
when people eat a nutrient-dense diet.
Which of the following options is true?
DRIs are a set of ten recommendations for the proper intake of nutrients.
DRIs include four values developed by the institute of Medicine.
DRIs are established to ensure that your body is getting what it needs for good health
DRIs can help ensure that you get the nutrients you need to fight disease.
Which of the following values is the term used to describe the average daily intakr that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy adults?
UL
EER
EAR
RDA
The new Canada Food Guide reccomends how many servings of fruit and vegetables per day?
5
7
It depends on the age, sex, and size of the person.
it does not male any serving reccomendations.
Patrick consumes 4000 kcal/day with half of the kcal from carbohydrates. About how many grams of carbohydrates does he consume per day?
400
500
1000
2000
Which of the following two factors MOST contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes?
(1) pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction and (2) a lack of responsiveness to insulin in muscle and liver tissue
(1)beta-cell dysfunction in the liver and (2) insulin resistance
(1) insulin resistance and (2) failure of beta-cells in the liver, muscle and adipose tissue
(1) insulin resistance and (2) high blood pressure
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Foods that have a Glycemic index of 70 or less compared to glucose are considered high Glycemic Index foods.
The processing of food has no effect on its Glycemic Index.
The rates of digestion and absorption of low Glycemic Index foods are slower than high Glycemic Index foods.
High fibre and high Glycemic Index foods have thesame physiological properties.
Which of the following is now a soluble fiber?
Pectin
Chitin
Mucilage
Gum Guar
Which of the following best describes nonnutritive sweeteners?
nonnutritive sweetners provide calories but not vitamins.
nonnutritive sweetners are man made and more intensely sweet.
nonnutritive sweetners occur in nature and contain no energy.
nonnutritive sweetners are man made and contain essential nutrients.
Complementary proteins are ?
proteins that lack different essential amino acids.
available at most booths in the supermarket.
complete proteins that have a synergistic effect when consumed together.
usally derived from animal sources.
All of the following EXCEPT one will increase the consumption of phytochemicals. Which one?
fish
legumes
nuts
soybeans
Children in developing countries are most likely to develop deficiency symptoms associated with which one of the following micronutrients?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Calcium
Which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body?
formation of collagen
facilitating release of energy from glucose
protection against damage from free radicals
improving the absoption of iron
Which statement describes thr relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium?
if dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium.
if dietary calcium is low, both blood and bone levels will decline.
If dietary calcium is low, blood calcium is supplied by the liver to maintain bone calcium.
Blood levels of calcium are a good indicator of the calcium status of bone.
Which two phytochemicals reduce the risk of macular degeneration?
beta-cartone, lycopene
lutein, zeaxanthin
lycopene, alpha-carotene
alpha-caotene, beta-crytoxanthin
Why is folate important for rapidly-dividing cells?
It is required for homocysteine synthesis
Is enhances the transfer of hydroxyl groups between molecules
It is required for DNA synthesis
It is essential for lipid metabolism
What is the relationship between niacin and protein?
Niacin is required to synthesize several amino acids in the body
Niacin reduces the absorption of protein
Niacin us needed to synthesize trypophan
Niacin can be synthesized from an amino acid
Which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body?
Facilitating release of energy from glucose
As a cofactor in cell division
Formation of collagen
Protecting against damage from free radicals
Which of the following minerals is commonly found in high concentrations in hard water?
Sodium
Iron
Magnesium
Potassium
Which element plays a major role in maintaining fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and cell integrity, and is critical to maintaining the heartbeat?
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Iron
Paula has been hiking fir several hours but forgot her fluids. Which hormone signals the kidney to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream?
Absorption hormone (AH)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of the following is the healthiest blood pressure?
115/66 mm of mercury or less
120/85 mm of mercury or less
125/70 mm of mercury or less
140/90 mm of mercury or less
Which amino acids is the branched chain amino acid (BCAA) most correlated with greater muscle protein synthesis, especially in men who perform heavy resistance training?
Valine
Leucine
Arginine
Methionine
In Dr.Mike Evans TED Talk, he depicted one treatment as superior to any others in terms of improving a myriad of health conditions. This treatment was:
150 min or more per wk of moderate to vigorous exercise
150+ min per wk of exercise + a Mediterranean diet
A vegan-type diet
A ketogenic diet
Which food has a high nutrient density and is LOW in oxalate and phytate?
Spinach
Swiss Chard
Beans
Kale
People with hypertension who can lower their blood pressure by reducing their intake of sodium are called:
Inverse hypertensive
Potassium sensitive
Salt sensitive
Essential hypertensive
As calcium intake increases...
Fractional absorption of calcium declines
Active transport becomes more important
Fractional absorption of calcium remains the same
more iron is absorbed
Which type of exercise can be predicted to have the most positive effect on the bones that are used for it?
Swimming
Practicing blocking in volleyball
Light weight training
One hour slow run
Hemochromatosis is a fairly common hereditary disease caused by excessive retention of..?
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Iodine
_____ is a component of glutathione peroxidase that helps to destroy free radicals?
Iron
Zinc
Selenium
Magnesium
Some vitamins are lost in grain processing. Which nutrient typically NOT added during "enrichment" of flour?
Vitamin B6
Thiamin
Niacin
Riboflavin
Niacin supplements
are used in Canada since niacin deficiency is a public health concern
decrease LDL cholesterol and increase HDL cholesterol
provide an essential energy boost
are associated with an increase of heart attacks
Protein quality is best described as...?
the freshness of meat determined by the biological activity of the actin and myosin filaments
the ratio of nonessential to essential amino acids present in a food
how efficiently a protein in the diet can be used to make body proteins
a measurement determined by comparing the amount of nonessential amino acids in a food with that in a reference protein
Which one of the following is secreted by the pancreas?
bicarbonate
bile
Intrinsic Factor (IF)
cholecystokinin (CCK)
A key feature of the original DASH diet was:
a very low salt content
that it tested a collection of foods rather than one nutrient
that it was a vegetarian diet
a very low saturated fat content
Which food would yield more iron absorption?
A half grapefruit
A spinach salad
Bran cereal with soy milk
Peanut-butter on brown bread with glass of milk
Glucagon is produced by the ________ in the _________ and functions to ________ blood glucose level.
alpha cells; pancreas; raise
alpha cells; pancreas; lower
beta cells; pancreas; raise
beta cells; liver; lower
What is NOT a major function of magnesium in the body?
maintenance of bones
cofactor for several hundred enzymes
division of growing cells
blood clotting
Which of the following can result from severe, prolonged deficiency of protein and energy?
maramus
kidney stones
phenylketonuria (PKU)
all of the above
Which of the following micronutrients is associated with a decrease in homocysteine?
folate
magnesium
chromium
Vitamin A
Many B vitamins are essential for the metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients. They perform this function by binding to and promoting the activity of enzymes. In this role B vitamins act as:
coenzymes
hormones
transport proteins
provitamins
Simon would like to create a sports drink that does not have the pH issue that the current sports drinks have. Compared to Gatorade, his sports drinks will have a pH that is:
a bit higher
considerably higher
considerably lower
a bit lower
What is an amino acid pool
amino acids presny in body tissues and fluids that are available for protein synthesis
amino acids are soluble in bodily fluids
amino acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be supplied by the diet
amino acids used by the body for energy
_____ is a vegetable low in oxalate
spinach
swiss chard
kale
beets
Which vitamin is required for energy metabolism and if not present, the disease beriberi results?
pantothenic acid
thiamin
niacin
riboflavin
What nutrient causes excretion of calcium?
sodium
iron
potassium
magnesium
The MIND diet is constructed from teo diets that provide health benefits, those TWO foundation diets were:
DASH and Mediterranean
Mediterranean and Fodmap
Mediterranean and Portfolio
DASH and Portfolio
