The view that much of an organization’s success or failure is due to external forces outside managers’ control.

Those factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance.

External forces that have a direct and immediate impact on the organization

Broad economic, socio-cultural, political/legal, demographic, technological, and global conditions that may affect the organization

The degree of change and complexity in an organization’s environment.

The number of components in an organization’s environment and the extent of the organization’s knowledge about those components.

Any constituencies in the organization’s environment that are affected by an organization’s decisions and actions.

The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act.

Organizational cultures in which key values are intensely held and widely shared.

The process that helps employees adapt to the organization’s culture.

How Do Employees Learn Culture?

Narratives of significant events or people, e.g. organization founders, rule breaking, reaction to past mistakes etc.

How Do Employees Learn Culture?

Sequences of activities that express and reinforce the important values and goals of the organization.

How Do Employees Learn Culture?

Convey the kinds of behavior that are expected, e.g. risk taking, participation, authority, etc.

How Do Employees Learn Culture?

Acts as a common denominator that bonds members

A culture where organizational values promote a sense of purpose through meaningful work that takes place in the context of community

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which employees are encouraged to be innovative and to take risks

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which organizational decisions and actions emphasize maintaining the status quo.

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which employees are aggressive and competitive rather than cooperative

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which work is organized around teams rather than individuals

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which management decisions take into account the effects on people in the organization

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which managers focus on results or outcomes rather than on how these outcomes are achieved

Dimensions of Organizational Culture:

Degree to which employees are expected to exhibit precision, analysis, and attention to detail