An implied or indirect reference in literature to a familiar person, place, or event.

The process or result of identifying the parts of a whole and their relationships to one another

The position or claim the writer establishes. _____ should be supported with valid evidence, and reasoning may be balanced by the inclusion of counterarguments to illustrate opposing viewpoints.

The thesis statement or main point that forms the basis for an argument within a text.

The range of associations that a word or phrase suggests in addition to its dictionary meaning (e.g., slender/thin/scrawny).

Language that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.

The "_____" or "personal" point of view relates events as they are perceived by a single character. The narrating character may offer opinions about the action and characters that differ from those of the author.

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person.

An exaggeration or overstatement (e.g., I had to wait forever)

A judgment based on reasoning rather than on a direct or explicit statement. A conclusion based on facts or circumstances; understanding gained by "reading between the lines."

Using a close reading of text(s) to examine the relationships/connections among ideas, details, and/or examples referenced therein, as directed by a task.

The use of a word or phrase to mean the exact opposite of its literal or usual meaning; incongruity between the actual result of a sequence of events and the expected result.

The author's central thought; the chief topic of a text expressed or implied in a word or phrase; the topic sentence of a paragraph.

An idea that explains more about a main idea.

The comparison of two unlike things in which no words of comparison (like or as) are used (e.g., The speech gave me food for thought).

An object or abstract idea given human qualities or human form (e.g., Flowers danced about the lawn).

A comparison of two unlike things in which a word of comparison (like or as) is used (e.g., The ant scurried as fast as a cheetah).

A person, animal, or thing telling the story or giving an account of something

The voice used by an author to tell/narrate a poem. The speaker is often a created identity and should not automatically be equated with the author. (similar to narrator, but for a poem)

The structure of a story. The sequence in which the author arranges events in a story. The structure often includes the rising action, the climax, the falling action, and the resolution.

The time and place in which a story unfolds

A topic of discussion or work; a major idea broad enough to cover the entire scope of a literary work. A theme may be stated or implied. Clues to the theme may be found in the prominent and/or recurring ideas in a work.

An arrangement of lines of verse in a pattern usually repeated throughout a poem. Usually, each stanza has a fixed number of verses or lines, an overall meter, and a consistent rhyme scheme.

To capture all of the most important parts of the original text (paragraphs, story, poem) but express them in a much shorter space and as much as possible in the reader's own words.

Print features as well as graphic, informational, and organizational aids (e.g., bold print, italics, maps, charts, labels, headings).