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WorksheetsPatho Exam 2
Total questions: 40
Worksheet time: 24mins
What are the symptoms of respiratory and metabolic acidosis?
fatigue
muscle cramping
tingling in fingers and toes
confusion
CO2 + H2O ↔ ⋯ ⟷ H+ + HCO3−
What is the intermediate to this equation?
H2 + CO3−
H2O2 + CO
H2CO3
HCO2OH
Which of the following is NOT true regarding to respiration?
Inspiration occurs as alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure is 760 mmHg
As PO2 increases, the bronchioles and systemic arterioles constrict
Bronchodilation increases mucus secretion
What is the sensation of not being able to get enough air?
(a)
What are the severe/chronic changes that happen due to asthma?
loss of epithelial cells
persistent immune cell infiltration
decreased smooth muscle cells and mucus secreting cells
increased extracellular matrix
What pulmonary disorder damages the alveoli?
Chronic bronchitis
Emphysema
Pneumonia
Asthma
What is a symptom of cystic fibrosis? (multiple answers)
(a)
Which of the following treatments match the disorder correctly?
COPD - PDE4 inhibitors
Cystic Fibrosis - anti-inflammatory steroids
Asthma - CFTR modulators
Allergic Rhinitis - ß2 receptor agonists
What is the highlighted structure called?
Ciliary body
Retina
Vitreous
Sclera
Which of the following affect regulation of IOP? Select all that apply
Inflow: decreased alpha2
Inflow: increased carbonic anhydrase
Outflow: increased prostaglandins
Outflow: increased activation of muscarinic receptors
What kind of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is caused by accumulation of drusen and detaches photoreceptors?
(a)
What are some risk factors for cataracts? Select all that apply
Racial background
Long term use of corticosteroids
Diabetes
Increased IOP
Which one is NOT found within the liver?
Superior mesenteric vein
Gall Bladder
Caudate lobe
Falciform ligament
What is the cause of jaundice? The buildup of what?
(a)
What are some causes of cirrhosis? Select all that apply
Excessive alcohol consumption
Hepatitis C
Obesity
Exposure to asbestos
What causes hepatic encephalopathy?
Renal failure from damaged hepatocytes
Lack of albumin leaks fluid into interstitium
Build up of ammonia and other toxic waste alters brain function
Portal hypertension leads to enlarged spleen
Which inflammatory mediator correctly matches with their activity?
Histamine - leukocyte adhesion
Nitric Oxide - smooth muscle relaxation
Prostaglandins - increased permeability
Proteases - microbial killing
Which pathway(s) acts on arachidonic acid to generate leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes?
Hydro-peroxygenase
Cyclooxygenase
Lipoxygenase
Oxidase
What are the signs/symptoms of acute inflammation?
Redness and heat due to vasodilation
Influx of plasma proteins leading to edema
Increased cell proliferation leading to tissue damage
Pain and fever due to decrease of pyrogens
What is the chronic autoimmune disease that causes a butterfly rash, joint pain, and weight gain?
(a)
What causes RA?
The immune system expands nitric oxide within the joint cavities, causing stiffness
The immune system attacks the bone cartilage, causing a decrease in rheumatoid factor
The immune system increases hyaluronan in joint fluid, causing calcification
The immune system attacks the synovium, causing an increase in pannus
Which of the following is NOT a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?
IL-1 receptor antagonists (Kineret)
IL-6 receptor blockers (Actemra)
IL-2 receptor agonist (Daclizumab)
TNF-alpha inhibitors (Humira)
What are some common causes of gout? Select all that apply
Uric acid not excreted by kidneys
increased meat and seafood consumption
diuretics and immunosuppressants
excessive alcohol consumption
What is one medication that can treat gout? Multiple answers.
(a)
Which of the following is correct about IBD?
Ulcerative colitis affects the distal small intestine/proximal large intestine
Crohn's disease can cause anemia and constipation
Common symptom for all IBD is skip lesions
Can be caused by epithelial barrier mutations
Which gram negative bacteria causes pneumonia?
Haemophilus influenzae
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacillus anthracis
Which is true about Rat-Lungworm disease?
Major pathological events occur in the intestines
Gastropods function as the intermediate host
There is no treatment
Leading cause of Eosinophilic Meningitis
What type of antimicrobial infection can cause this?
Retrovirus
RNA virus
DNA virus
Gram positive bacteria
What are some common upper respiratory infections?
Common cold
Bronchitis
Influenza
Laryngitis
Which type of Influenza can contain either hemagglutinin or neuraminidase?
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
What are some complications of AIDs?
Low blood pressure
CD4+ T cell count under 450 cells/mm3
respiratory tract yeast infections
Kaposi's sarcoma
What type of Tuberculosis is inactive, does not display symptoms, and is not contagious?
(a)
Which of the following is not a virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
capsule prevents clearance
capsule forms interaction with complement factors
pneumolysin is a pore forming toxin
pneumolysin is released when bacteria is lysed
Which of the following are true for C. difficile?
It produces Toxin A and B
It is transmitted by fecal matter
The use of antibiotics disrupt normal GI flora and introduce C. diff spores
Results in watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, abdominal pain
Which antibiotic is used for hospital-acquired resistant S. aureus?
Amoxicillin
Methicillin
Linezolid
Vancomycin
To be diagnosed with severe sepsis, you must display what symptoms?
Significantly decreased urine output
Abrupt change in mental status
Fever above 101.3°F or below 95°F
Extremely low blood pressure and respiratory rate lower than 15 breaths/min
Which of the following is associated with granuloma formation?
pneumonia
tuberculosis
influenza
c. difficile
How is Dengue Fever transmitted (vector/animal)?
(a)
Which is not a symptom of ebola?
Myalgia
Severe sore throat
Delirium
Coughing up blood
True or false - there is no cure for HIV
True
False
