groups that reject and oppose society’s widely accepted cultural patterns

the deliberate imposition of one’s own cultural values on another culture

the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards, and not in comparison to another culture

patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies

shared beliefs, values, and practices

the gap of time between the introduction of material culture and nonmaterial culture’s acceptance of it

an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life

the spread of material and nonmaterial culture from one culture to another

things and ideas found from what already exists

the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one’s own culture

direct, appropriate behavior in the day-to-day practices and expressions of a culture

established, written rules

the integration of international trade and finance markets

the cultural patterns of a society’s elite

the standards a society would like to embrace and live up to

casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

a symbolic system of communication

a symbolic system of communication

the objects or belongings of a group of people

the moral views and principles of a group

the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society

the visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured

mainstream, widespread patterns among a society’s population

the way society really is based on what actually occurs and exists

a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors

the way that people understand the world based on their form of language

a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

groups that share a specific identification, apart from a society’s majority, even as the members exist

within a larger society

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

gestures or objects that have meanings associated with them that are recognized by people who share a culture

a culture’s standard for discerning what is good and just in society

a belief that another culture is superior to one’s own

the status a person chooses, such as a level of education or income

societies that rely on farming as a way of life

an individual’s isolation from his society, his work, and his sense of self

a situation in which society no longer has the support of a firm collective consciousness

the status outside of an individual’s control, such as sex or race

the owners of the means of production in a society

a way of organizing an economy so that the things that are used to make and transport products (such as

land, oil, factories, ships, etc.) are owned by individual people and companies rather than by the government

the awareness of one’s rank in society

the communal beliefs, morals, and attitudes of a society

a person’s beliefs and ideology that are in conflict with her best interests

societies that operate on a strict hierarchical system of power based around land ownership and protection

the idea that society is constructed by us and those before us, and it is followed like a habit

societies based around the cultivation of plants

societies that depend on hunting wild animals and gathering uncultivated plants for survival

societies characterized by a reliance on mechanized labor to create material goods

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

the act of implanting a convention or norm into society

a situation in which an individual is trapped by social institutions

our reflection of how we think we appear to others

a type of social order maintained by the collective consciousness of a culture

a type of social order based around an acceptance of economic and social differences

societies based around the domestication of animals

the laborers in a society

a belief that modern society should be built around logic and efficiency rather than morality or tradition

a situation when one or more of an individual’s roles clash

the expression of a role

stress that occurs when too much is required of a single role

an array of roles attached to a particular status

patterns of behavior that are representative of a person’s social status

an idea that becomes true when acted upon

how strongly a person is connected to his or her social group

a group of people who live in a definable community and share the same culture

the responsibilities and benefits that a person experiences according to his or her rank and role in society

how a subjective reality can drive events to develop in accordance with that reality, despite being originally unsupported by objective reality

the way we prepare for future life roles

the process by which new members of a total institution lose aspects of their old identities and are given new ones

the common behavioral expectations of general society

the informal teaching done in schools that socializes children to societal norms

the way people learn what is “good” and “bad” in society

the influence of our genetic makeup on self-development

a group made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share interests

the process by which old behaviors are removed and new behaviors are learned in their place

a person’s distinct sense of identity as developed through social interaction

the process wherein people come to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s

beliefs, and to be aware of societal values

a collection of people who exist in the same place at the same time, but who don’t interact or share a sense of identity

a leader who issues orders and assigns tasks

formal organizations characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules, and impersonality

people who share similar characteristics but who are not connected in any way

the fact that each individual in a bureaucracy has a specialized task to perform

organizations that people do not voluntarily join, such as prison or a mental hospital

the extent to which an individual complies with group or societal norms

a leader who encourages group participation and consensus-building before moving into action

a two-member group

the types of rules in a bureaucracy; rules that are outlined, recorded, and standardized

a group function that serves an emotional need

a leader who is concerned with process and with ensuring everyone’s emotional wellbeing

large, impersonal organizations

any collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity

a clear chain of command found in a bureaucracy

the removal of personal feelings from a professional situation

a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of his identity

being oriented toward a task or goal

a leader who is goal oriented with a primary focus on accomplishing tasks

the theory that an organization is ruled by a few elites rather than through collaboration

a hands-off leader who allows members of the group to make their own decisions

the main focus or goal of a leader

the style a leader uses to achieve goals or elicit action from group members

the increasing presence of the fast food business model in common social institutions

a bureaucracy where membership and advancement is based on merit—proven and documented skills

organizations that people join to pursue shared interests or because they provide some intangible rewards

a group that an individual is not a member of, and may even compete with

small, informal groups of people who are closest to us

groups to which an individual compares herself

larger and more impersonal groups that are task-focused and time limited

an organization in which participants live a controlled lifestyle and in which total resocialization occurs

a theory that examines social and economic factors as the causes of criminal deviance

a theory that states social control is directly affected by the strength of social bonds and that deviance results from a feeling of disconnection from society

crime committed by white-collar workers in a business environment

the system tasked with supervising individuals who have been arrested for, convicted of, or sentenced for criminal offenses

a system that has the authority to make decisions based on law

a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions

a theory that suggests conformity to the prevailing cultural norms of lower-class society causes crime

a theory that states individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance

a violation of contextual, cultural, or social norms

sanctions that are officially recognized and enforced

attacks based on a person’s race, religion, or other characteristics

sanctions that occur in face-to-face interactions

the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society

codes that maintain formal social control through laws

a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual

punishments for violating norms

crimes that involve the destruction or theft of property, but do not use force or the threat of force

a civil force in charge of regulating laws and public order at a federal, state, or community level

rewards given for conforming to norms

a small group of wealthy and influential people at the top of society who hold the power and resources

a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual’s self-image or

interactions with others

the means of enforcing rules

deviance that occurs when a person’s self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society

a collection of data acquired using voluntary response methods, such as questionnaires or telephone interviews

the regulation and enforcement of norms

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives

a theory that addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals

crime committed by average people against other people or organizations, usually in public spaces

activities against the law, but that do not result in injury to any individual other than the person who engages in them

crimes based on the use of force or the threat of force