a reference to another work of literature, person, or event

the implied or associative meaning of a word; emotional charge

address to an absent or imaginary person

an emotional or psychological cleansing that brings relief or renewal

the use of deliberately old-fashioned language

harsh, jarring, discordant consonant sounds

any popular narrative poem, often with epic subject and usually in lyric form.

a short narrative

the attribution of human characteristics to animals or inanimate objects