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WorksheetsPsychology
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 3600secs
Name
Class
Date
1.
Ancient scholars in which field asked the first questions related to cognitive psychology?
a)
behaviorism
b)
sociology
c)
biology
d)
philosophy
2.
Which psychologist extensively tested his own memory to develop theories of cognition?
a)
Aristotle
b)
Wundt
c)
Ebbinghaus
d)
Chomsky
3.
As a graduate student in psychology, you design a study on how lawbreakers who get away with their crimes react to news of others' crimes. Your graduate adviser rejects your study because it is not ______.In other words, it cannot be evaluated through observation
a)
negotiable
b)
testable
c)
accurate
d)
parsimonious
4.
Wilhelm Wundt and his students used a technique known as _________ to study mental states
a)
behaviorism
b)
intensity measurement
c)
componentialism
d)
Introspection
5.
Cognitive psychology is broad, and thus overlaps with many other fields including neuroscience, philosophy, and ______.
a)
chemistry
b)
astronomy
c)
linguistics
d)
robotics
6.
If you think of cognitive processing as a type of information processing, then the brain is the ______ and the cognitive processes themselves are the ______.
a)
hardware; software
b)
response; stimulus
c)
software; hardware
d)
stimulus; response
7.
What kind of research methodology focuses on intensive analyses of a single individual?
a)
surveys
b)
case studies
c)
correlational studies
d)
naturalistic observations
8.
Which “school” of psychology emphasized objectivity of research methods and measurement?
a)
the gestalt school
b)
functionalism
c)
structuralism
d)
behaviorism
9.
Using a computer or information processing model would most accurately depict which approach to cognition?
a)
embodied cognition
b)
representationalist
c)
linguistic
d)
behaviorist
10.
Which of the following allows us to support claims about cause-and-effect relationships?
a)
experiment
b)
introspection
c)
naturalistic observation
d)
controlled observation
11.
Which scenario is an example of sensing but not perceiving a stimulus?
a)
the music playing in the background while you are studying
b)
the argument you are having with your significant other while cooking dinner
c)
the music you are singing along to while messaging a friend online
d)
the painting you are working on while talking to your mother
12.
What is the difference between proximal stimuli and distal stimuli?
a)
primates perceive distal stimuli, and non-primates perceive proximal stimuli.
b)
primates perceive proximal stimuli, and non-primates perceive distal stimuli.
c)
The human brain translates distal stimuli into proximal stimuli
d)
the human brain translates proximal stimulus into distal stimulus
13.
Which of these help us estimate objects’ size and distance to aid in our perception?
a)
neurons
b)
sensations
c)
stimuli
d)
cues
14.
A stencil provides a good analogy for the theory of:
a)
prototype matching
b)
template matching
c)
good continuation
d)
featural analysis
15.
Which of these psychological approaches focuses on how humans use principles of organization to understand our surroundings?
a)
perception-action
b)
computational
c)
gestalt
d)
top-down
16.
If you were to hold a pen in each hand, with one held five inches from your face and the other at arm’s length, the one closer to your face will look larger, even though they are the same size. This is based on cues from ______.
a)
the retinal image
b)
brain functioning
c)
top-down processing
d)
a linear perspective
17.
___________ are to visual perception what phonemes are to language, according to Biederman
a)
receptors
b)
retinas
c)
distal stimuli
d)
geons
18.
Prototype matching theory argues that percepts are compared to ______ in memory
a)
exact stencils
b)
lists of features
c)
idealized representations
d)
abstract dot patterns
19.
When making a decision, we are likely to weigh all of the possible choices we could make. This is most similar to the concept of ______ in perception
a)
top-down processing
b)
closure
c)
proximity
d)
affordances
20.
According to research, which of these is most important in perceiving apparent motion?
a)
nearness
b)
similarity
c)
color
d)
stability
21.
Which of the following is an analogy used to describe attention?
a)
a filter of information
b)
a key fitting into a lock
c)
a light that turns on and off repeatedly
d)
a barrier that separates the features of the environment
22.
Talking to your friend during class while you are supposed to be listening to your professor’s lecture is most similar to ______.
a)
salience
b)
a shadowing task
c)
the cocktail party effect
d)
the dual-task method
23.
Treisman’s modified filter model of attention suggests that some information passes through, but only after it has been ranked in terms of ______.
a)
importance
b)
definition
c)
difficulty
d)
currency
24.
Stroop interference lessens when
a)
participants are better readers
b)
participants are given more practice at naming colors
c)
participants are girls rather than boys
d)
participants are encouraged to focus carefully
25.
Our attention has been said to involve a ______ that filters out everything except the information we are attending to
a)
bottleneck
b)
net
c)
switchboard
d)
bridge
26.
Which of these is known to influence the cocktail party effect?
a)
a person’s level of extroversion or introversion
b)
the salience of the message
c)
a person’s intelligence
d)
cultural differences in filtering abilities
27.
Noticing a red flower among a field of purple flowers illustrates ______.
a)
the attention capture phenomenon
b)
the cocktail party effect
c)
the bottleneck of attention
d)
a shadowing task
28.
Certain stimuli seem to jump off the page at the viewer, causing an involuntary shift of attention that is referred to as
a)
the Stroop effect
b)
attentional capture
c)
attenuation
d)
the cocktail party effect
29.
In Kahneman’s model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by preferences for certain kinds of tasks over others. These preferences are known as
a)
enduring dispositions
b)
arousal states
c)
momentary intentions
d)
task difficulty variables
30.
Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people?
a)
driving
b)
reading
c)
playing a well-practiced video game
d)
sending a telegraph message
31.
Imagine that you are sitting in class, listening to your professor lecture, and viewing slides on the projector that she is flipping through. Your brain understands these slides as varying forms of light. This translation is an example of ______.
a)
storage
b)
encoding
c)
retrieval
d)
a translator
32.
The briefest form of memory is ______ memory
a)
sensory
b)
short-term
c)
working
d)
long-term
33.
The capacity of short-term memory is ______.
a)
five plus or minus two bits of information
b)
seven plus or minus two bits of information
c)
five plus or minus two words
d)
seven plus or minus two words
34.
The suffix effect relates to which type of memory?
a)
iconic
b)
echoic
c)
short term
d)
working
35.
You are participating in a study in which you are presented with an array of letters. However, you are asked to report only the top line of five rows (much like an eye exam). This process best illustrates a ______ method.
a)
full-report
b)
delayed-report
c)
varied-report
d)
partial-report
36.
The fact that the size of the memory set does affect search time in short-term memory suggests that:
a)
search is a serial process
b)
search is a parallel process
c)
search is self-terminating
d)
search is exhaustive
37.
You recently bought a new phone and had to change your number. However, your old phone number keeps interfering with your ability to remember your new one. This is an example of ______.
a)
retroactive interference
b)
proactive interference
c)
executive retrieval
d)
overactive retrieval
38.
Higher working memory capacity means that an individual
a)
is more susceptible to interference
b)
has quicker reaction times in identifying target letters
c)
is better able to control his/her cognitive focus
d)
has lower ability to reason from premises
39.
In the absence of rehearsal, short-term memory tends to
a)
last about 20 seconds
b)
last about 8 seconds
c)
decay slowly over 24 hours
d)
decay slowly over a week.
40.
Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?
a)
the visuospatial sketchpad
b)
the phonological loop
c)
the episodic buffer
d)
both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop
41.
Suppose you want to become a memory champion. You could achieve your goal by working hard to ______.
a)
develop a photographic memory
b)
develop superior autobiographical memory
c)
use mnemonics
d)
use prospective memory tasks
42.
“A natural process that occurs when information is unable to be retrieved from memory” is the definition of ______.
a)
cognition
b)
remembering
c)
forgetting
d)
storage
43.
While studying for a psychology exam, you devise a poem about Piaget’s stages of development to help you remember them. This is an example of ______.
a)
shallow processing
b)
deep processing
c)
spacing effects
d)
storage
44.
Both encoding and retrieval together influence memory performance in ______.
a)
depth-of-processing effects
b)
environmental-dependent effects
c)
mood-dependent effects
d)
transfer-appropriate processing
45.
Study is to ______ as tests are to ______.
a)
retrieval; encoding
b)
encoding; retrieval
c)
mnemonics; processing
d)
processing; mnemonics
46.
You are designing a study that asks subjects, “Which of these psychological concepts have you heard of?” and then presents a list of concepts. Which type of retrieval task is this?
a)
recall
b)
recognition
c)
implicit
d)
prospective
47.
You meant to visit the campus bookstore before it closed, but you do not remember that you wanted to do that until two hours after closing time. This scenario is a failure of which type of memory?
a)
prospective
b)
implicit
c)
explicit
d)
serial position
48.
After you have memorized a list of words, you are most likely to demonstrate ______ if you are tested on the list immediately
a)
fading of memory
b)
the primacy effect
c)
the recency effect
d)
strongest recall for the middle of the list
49.
Context effects and state-dependent learning effects occur:
a)
for recall tests only
b)
for recognition tests only
c)
for both recall and recognition
d)
for paired-associate tests only
50.
According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where:
a)
you have never parked before
b)
you have always parked in the same place
c)
you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces
d)
you parked a year ago, but not more recently
51.
Properties and facts are stored at the highest level possible, according to the principle of:
a)
encoding specificity
b)
connectionism
c)
cognitive economy
d)
typicality
52.
The word superiority effect is related to the idea of
a)
cognitive economy
b)
schemata
c)
typicality
d)
spreading activation
53.
Studies of semantic memory have shown that in a lexical decision task, people are faster at responding to the stimulus “bread” if it is paired with a stimulus such as:
a)
rencle
b)
dog
c)
island
d)
butter
54.
According to Anderson, procedural memory represents information as
a)
words
b)
pictures
c)
production rules
d)
words and pictures
55.
According to the notion of cognitive economy, a characteristic like “has wings” would be stored along with which of the following semantic memory nodes?
a)
bird
b)
robin
c)
hummingbird
d)
ostrich
56.
Collins and Loftus created a revised semantic network model to ______.
a)
violate the transitive inheritance of properties
b)
give each connection between concepts the same weight
c)
try to account for typicality effects
d)
show that people do not use hierarchies when organizing concepts
57.
Which type of organizational approach was proposed by Collins and Quillian and includes “has,” “is,” and “can” links?
a)
super-specialized
b)
verification
c)
resourceful
d)
cognitive
58.
In picturing a scientist, you may automatically think of a person with a white lab coat, disheveled hair, and glasses. This is an example of a(n) ______.
a)
exemplar
b)
prototype
c)
stereotype
d)
definition
59.
Collins and Quillian’s hierarchical network model would predict that which of the following statements would take the LONGEST time to verify?
a)
Boo is a Pomeranian
b)
Boo has a popular Facebook page
c)
Boo is a living thing
d)
Boo is a dog
60.
Priming in lexical decision tasks may be explained by the idea of:
a)
episodic memory
b)
encoding specificity
c)
spreading activation
d)
anterograde amnesia
61.
“Characteristic features” and “family resemblance” are important aspects of the _________ view of concepts
a)
classical
b)
prototype
c)
exemplar
d)
schema
62.
A mental representation of a category of things in the world is known as a(n) ______.
a)
stereotype
b)
prototype
c)
example
d)
concept
63.
If an object is ______ typical of a concept, then people will recall ______ members of that concept
a)
less; more
b)
more; fewer
c)
less; fewer
d)
approximately; no
64.
Imagine seeing a hairless cat for the first time. You try to rationalize whether this is in fact a cat, and you reason, “It has four legs, two pointy ears, a pointy nose, and claws; it is probably a cat.” This exemplifies the ______.
a)
stored network view
b)
feature comparisons approach
c)
cognitive economy
d)
neuroscience-inspired approach
65.
Which of the following is true regarding schemata?
a)
A schema refers to something smaller and more specific than a concept
b)
Schemata are passive rather than active
c)
A schema contains only fixed parts, never variables
d)
Schemata can indicate relationships among various pieces of information
66.
In psychology, “family resemblance” means that people, objects, or concepts in a category ______.
a)
share overlapping sets of features
b)
share a single set of defining features
c)
may seem identical but differ in important ways
d)
may seem identical but differ in subtle ways
67.
The prototype of a category is a(n) ______ of the important features of its members.
a)
discussion
b)
detailed list
c)
weighted average
d)
exemplar
68.
Implicit learning is also known as:
a)
analytic concept formation
b)
nonanalytic concept formation
c)
knowledge-based concept formation
d)
nominal-kind learning
69.
The schema view of concept formation assumes that:
a)
there are clear boundaries among individual schemata
b)
there is cognitive economy among concepts
c)
information is abstracted across instances
d)
no information is stored about actual instances
70.
You might have a “script” for
a)
what a classroom looks like
b)
what a “pet” is
c)
what a “cat” is
d)
what happens when you go to the barber/hairstylist
71.
Paivio’s ____ hypothesis argues that long-term memory contains two separate systems that represent information in verbal and visual forms, respectively
a)
picture-word
b)
dual code
c)
visuo-verbal
d)
symbolic distance
72.
Several mnemonic devices, including the method of loci, the pegword method, and the method of interacting images, have in common their reliance on:
a)
verbal rehearsal
b)
creating a story
c)
visual imagery
d)
use of rhyme
73.
The relational-organizational hypothesis is supported by:
a)
the effectiveness of the method of loci
b)
the fact that concrete words are recalled better than abstract words
c)
the fact that noninteractive images do not facilitate recall whereas interactive images do facilitate recall
d)
the effectiveness of the pegword method
74.
Finke theorized that there are _____ principles of mental imagery
a)
two
b)
three
c)
four
d)
five
75.
Images can prime the visual pathway, making it easier to detect a faint stimulus. This is an example of:
a)
perceptual equivalence
b)
spatial equivalence
c)
structural equivalence
d)
transformational equivalence
76.
Some theorists believe that there is a single code for all types of information; this code is known as a _______ representation
a)
visual
b)
pictorial
c)
verbal
d)
propositional
77.
How would you create an accurate, detailed mental picture of a place you had never been?
a)
Read about the place and look at pictures of it
b)
Invent sounds and sensations that might happen there
c)
Create a mental picture of a similar familiar place and alter details
d)
It is not possible to do this
78.
Images are most often ______.
a)
visual
b)
auditory
c)
olfactory
d)
tactile
79.
Objects are usually easier to remember because they are ______, whereas concepts tend to be harder to remember because they are ______.
a)
auditory; visual
b)
visual; auditory
c)
abstract; concrete
d)
concrete; abstract
80.
In the ______, words that rhyme with numbers are placeholders in an ordered list
a)
pegword mnemonic
b)
method of loci
c)
concreteness effect
d)
bizarreness effect
81.
According to most experts in the field, what is the primary purpose of language?
a)
control
b)
communication
c)
identification
d)
isolation
82.
Meaning is to ______ as grammar is to ______
a)
semantics; pragmatics
b)
phonology; syntax
c)
syntax; semantics
d)
semantics; syntax
83.
The sentence “The man gave a cloud to his friend” has questionable ______
a)
syntax
b)
morphemes
c)
semantics
d)
orthography
84.
The subfield of linguistics that examines the use of language within particular contexts is called ______.
a)
semantics
b)
syntax
c)
orthography
d)
pragmatics
85.
Preposing (moving a certain part of a sentence to the beginning of the sentence) is syntactically “legal” when:
a)
the moved segment begins with a noun
b)
the moved segment contains a subject and a predicate
c)
the moved segment begins with a verb
d)
the moved segment constitutes a complete constituent of a certain type
86.
Choose the correct hierarchy of language processing
a)
sounds or letters > words > phrases > sentences
b)
words > sounds or letters > phrases > sentences
c)
sentences > phrases > sounds or letters > words
d)
phrases > sentences > words > sounds or letters
87.
You hear your classmate say, “I’m just going to hang around until class starts.” Which aspect of language structure helps you understand that your classmate means "waiting" and not actually hanging from a doorway?
a)
pragmatics
b)
syntax
c)
morphology
d)
semantics
88.
When you are having a conversation with someone, you often do not stop between words to emphasize that you are saying distinct words. This is known as
a)
specialization
b)
coarticulation
c)
functionalism
d)
lateralization
89.
“I saw a bat in the corner.” Does bat refer to a baseball bat, or a flying mammal? This confusion illustrates a problem of:
a)
ambiguity
b)
anomaly
c)
synonymy
d)
self-contradiction
90.
You are reading the sentence “Flywheels are one of the oldest mechanical devices known to man.” On which of the following words are you likely to spend the LEAST time fixating?
a)
Flywheels
b)
oldest
c)
devices
d)
to
91.
A problem is ______.
a)
when you do not have experience with a situation
b)
when a situation is not as you expected it to be
c)
a situation in which another person disagrees with your position
d)
a situation in which there is a difference between a current state and a desired goal state
92.
______ is a common barrier to our ability to solve problems
a)
typicality
b)
functional fixedness
c)
analogical transfer
d)
means-end strategy
93.
The problem-solving technique of ______ involves comparing the goal with the starting point, thinking of possible ways to overcome the distance between them, and choosing the best one
a)
generate-and-test
b)
means-end analysis
c)
reasoning by analogy
d)
mental set
94.
In research on mental search of a “problem space,” a “path” is:
a)
any connection between two nodes
b)
a sequence of moves beginning at the initial state and ending at the final goal state
c)
the single solution to a problem
d)
the most efficient solution to a problem
95.
A Sudoku puzzle is an example of a(n) ______.
a)
ill-defined problem
b)
well-defined problem
c)
trial-and-error problem
d)
functional fixedness problem
96.
Defining and representing a problem is the process of ______.
a)
making a list of the problems you have already experienced and applying it to the current problem
b)
redefining the knowledge needed to solve the problem while resolving issues with functional fixedness
c)
focusing on whether the problem is ill-defined or well-defined and if it is subject to functional fixedness
d)
stating the scope and goal of the problem and organizing the knowledge needed for addressing it
97.
Think of 10 animal names that begin with the letter R. This problem would probably be solved using a ______ technique
a)
means-end analysis
b)
reasoning-by-analogy
c)
gestalt restructuring
d)
productive-thinking
98.
Mental set:
a)
can only be induced by large amounts of practice
b)
can lead us to make unwarranted assumptions about a problem
c)
involves the use of analogy to solve a problem
d)
aids problem solving because it supplies an efficient problem representation
99.
Trial-and-error approaches are successful when there are ______.
a)
many variations on a few basic solutions
b)
several risky and improbable solutions
c)
relatively few possible solutions
d)
many conflicting solutions
100.
While baking a cake, you say the steps out loud as you are carrying them out. This is an example of ______.
a)
pathology
b)
functional fixedness
c)
retrospection
d)
introspection
101.
Which type of reasoning results in conclusions that contain new information?
a)
inductive reasoning
b)
deductive reasoning
c)
invalid reasoning
d)
both inductive and deductive reasoning
102.
“All dogs are mammals. All mammals have hair. All dogs have hair.” This is an example of ______
a)
heuristic reasoning
b)
conducive reasoning
c)
conditional reasoning
d)
syllogistic reasoning
103.
When Wason’s four-card task is replaced with an everyday problem about checking the identification of people who are drinking Coke and beer,
a)
people still neglect modus tollens in their responses
b)
people turn over all four cards instead of the two that are necessary and sufficient
c)
people turn over only one card instead of the two that are necessary and sufficient
d)
about 75% of participants solve the problem correctly
104.
Past events seem “inevitable” due to the action of the:
a)
framing effect
b)
hindsight bias
c)
gambler's fallacy
d)
availability heuristic
105.
______ reasoning is a process by which “if” statements lead to conclusions
a)
Deductive
b)
Conditional
c)
Inductive
d)
Syllogistic
106.
______ statements are those that are either true or false
a)
syllogistic
b)
relevant
c)
propositional
d)
conditional
107.
“If my mother visits today, I am not going to cook dinner. She has just arrived. I am not going to cook dinner.” This is an example of ______.
a)
propositional reasoning
b)
a syllogism
c)
counterfactual thinking
d)
an unconditional statement
108.
______ is about absolute truth, while ______ examines the likelihood of a conclusion being true
a)
deductive reasoning; inductive reasoning
b)
inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
c)
heuristic reasoning; analytical reasoning
d)
heuristic reasoning; syllogistic reasoning
109.
Evans (1984, 2006) suggests that when we reason we use one system based on heuristic processes and another based on ______ processes
a)
dual-process
b)
inductive
c)
analytic
d)
rapid-decision
110.
Forrest Gump’s famous quote, “Life is like a box of chocolates; you never know what you’re going to get,” is an example of ______
a)
surface approaches
b)
category induction
c)
causal reasoning
d)
analogical reasoning
111.
In Kahneman and Tversky’s prospect theory, they hypothesized that people tend to ______ low-probability outcomes and ______ high-probability outcomes
a)
focus on; ignore
b)
ignore; focus on
c)
underweight; overweight
d)
overweight; underweight
112.
Expected utility theory is usually regarded as a ________ model of decision making
a)
descriptive
b)
prescriptive
c)
normative
d)
both descriptive and prescriptive
113.
The ideal model of decision making involves ______
a)
discussing options with peers
b)
ranking criteria in terms of their importance
c)
following your instinct
d)
deciding only when the outcome is certain
114.
The mental activities that take place in choosing among alternatives are collectively called
a)
problem solving
b)
inductive reasoning
c)
rational thought
d)
decision making
115.
According to psychologists, human decision making often falls short of optimality because
a)
there is not enough information available to make a rational decision
b)
one cannot be rational under conditions of uncertainty
c)
the information available overwhelms the cognitive processes
d)
rationality assumes a higher degree of intelligence than most people have
116.
Which of the following is NOT one of the five phases of decision making
a)
goal setting
b)
information gathering
c)
planning
d)
random choice
117.
Cognitive illusions
a)
tell us that our decision-making system is seriously flawed
b)
tell us something about the way our cognitive systems work
c)
cannot tell us anything about how to design programs to improve the quality of decisions
d)
represent serious biases in our real-world decisions
118.
When we assess probability by judging the ease with which relevant examples come to mind, we are using the heuristic of
a)
representativeness
b)
availability
c)
framing
d)
hindsight
119.
The tendency to seek out information that supports our current beliefs is called
a)
a believability effect
b)
a content effect
c)
a confirmation bias
d)
false induction
120.
Normative models of decision making describe
a)
how we ought to make decisions in realistic circumstances
b)
ideal performance under ideal circumstances
c)
what people actually do when they make decisions
d)
cognitive illusions
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