This ruling explicitly outlawed racial segregation of public education facilities (legal establishment of separate government-run schools for blacks and whites), ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of "separate but equal" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans

This ruling determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools, even when it is non-denominational and students may excuse themselves from participation.

This ruling held that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" must be excluded from criminal prosecutions in state courts, as well as federal courts.

This landmark ruling held that basis for the exercise of judicial review of Federal statutes by the United States Supreme Court under Article Three of the United States Constitution is legal.

This fundamental case established the following two principles: that the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government, and that state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

This ruling held held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

The Court decided that a state supported school could use race as a basis for admission, though it ruled that quotas were illegal. Bakke was admitted.

A constitutional right to an abortion is established, though the court laid down a trimester criteria in determining whether states can impose restrictions

The court declared that "student rights do not stop at the schoolhouse gates." The wearing of black armbands was protected by the Constitution. Students enjoy protection of the Bill of Rights unless their actions materially disrupt the educational environment.

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the 8th grade violates the Free Exercise Clause of the 1st Amendment

Bolstered freedom of the press, establishing a "heavy presumption against prior restraint" even in cases involving national security

Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the 1st Amendment

The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self defense is applicable to the states

Political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the 1st Amendment.

Opened the door to equal protection challenges to redistricting and the development of the "one person, one vote" doctrine by ruling that challenges to redistricting did not raise "political questions" that would keep federal courts from reviewing such challenges

Legislative redistricting must be conscious of race and ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but race may not be the sole rationale behind redistricting decisions

Choose all that apply: These cases deal with the 1st Amendment's speech clause

This case deals with the Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment

This case deals with the Free Exercise Clause of the 1st Amendment

Check all that apply: These cases deal with the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment

This case gives meaning to the Necessary and Proper Clause and says that the federal government has powers not expressly listed in the Constitution (i.e. implied powers)

This case reverses a trend of expanding federal power and limits the government's ability to act pursuant to the Commerce Clause

From what doc. was the following taken? "the judiciary, from the nature of its functions, will always be the least dangerous to the political rights of the Constitution . . . [it] may truly be said to have neither FORCE nor WILL, but merely judgment"

According to Madison in Fed. 51, what branch would be the most powerful?

Which of the following was the type of faction that most concerned Madison?

Separation of powers and checks and balances are key themes in which document?

From what document does the following excerpt come? "A feeble executive implies a feeble execution of the government."

What document(s) highlighted the danger to freedom (natural rights) from local and state governments

What group was the author of Brutus 1 identified with?

What was the United States' first government as an independent country?

For Thomas Jefferson, if a government violated the people's rights, what could the people do?

What did Madison suggest in Federalist 51 about how the Congress could be weakened?

How can you remember that Federalist 51 discusses the benefits of federalism to protecting minority factions and the people's liberties?

For Hamilton, having one president was useful in what kind of situation (emphasized in Fed. 70)?

Which document emphasized how a big republic (extended republic) would prevent tyranny of the majority?

What branch is the main focus of Federalist 78?

What document's author feared that if the US became one large country (with as many as 3 million people!) it would become a dictatorship?

For Hamilton in Federalist 78, which power is associated with Congress?

Which document created a weak national government that couldn't tax or raise an army?

Which document listed grievances against an oppressive King and proclaimed that all men are created equal?

Who wrote Federalist 70 and 78?

Who wrote Federalist 10 and Federalist 51?

You may well ask: "Why direct action? Why sit ins, marches and so forth? Isn't negotiation a better path?" You are quite right in calling for negotiation. Indeed, this is the very purpose of direct action. Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored.

What does Article I (1) establish?

What does Article II (2) establish?

What does Article IV (4) establish?