Cavity including the stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, and intestines (ventral)

Cavity including the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum (ventral)

Cavity including the brain (dorsal)

Cavity including the dorsal nerval cord

Tissue which lines surfaces and cavities, protects underlying structures, secretes hormones, and is used for absorption, excretion, and filtration

Tissue which supports and bonds body parts, binds organs, fills spaces, and produces blood cells

Tissue which moves the body

Tissue which receives stimuli and conducts impulses

Epthelial tissue with flattened outer cells (lung, blood vessels)

Epthelial tissue with cube-shaped cells (kidney)

Epthelial tissue with rectangular cells (digestive tract)

Epthelial tissue which expands and resists (urinary, bladder, ureter)

Epithelial tissue with a single layer (capillaries)

Epithelial tissue with multiple layers (nose, mouth, esophagus)

Epithelial tissue which appears to have multiple layers, but all cells are touching the base (goblet cells secreting mucus)

These produce fibers and other substances (connective)

Supports epithelium and many organs

Found in tendons and ligaments

Forms the meshwork in spleen, thymus, bone marrow

Fine collagen fibers with white translucent parts (nose, trachea)

Higher proportion of flexible fibers (outer ear)

Strong collagen

Shafts of long bones, cylindrical units called osteons, concentric circles

Ends of long bones contain numerous bars and plates

Which type of tissue is blood?

What are some functions of blood?

Which component of blood takes up the largest volume (55%)?

Variety of inorganic and organic substances dissolved or suspended in water

Contain hemoglobin for transport of oxygen (erythrocytes)

Fights infection (leukocytes)

Cell fragments involved with blood clotting (thrombocytes)

Which of these elements has the largest-sized cells?

Which two filaments are present in muscle fibers?

Occurs in muscles attached to skeleton (striated, multinucleated, voluntary)

Occurs in blood vessels and digestive tracts (spindle-shaped, mononucleated, no striations, involuntary)

Occurs in the heart (branching, striated, mononucleated, involuntary)

Nervous cells are known as

What three parts make up a nerve cell?

Which part(s) of a nerve cell receives signals?

Which part(s) of a nerve cell sends signals?

Which glial cell regulates the chemical environment of the cell and provides nutrients?

Which glial cell forms myelin sheaths around the nerve cell to insulate the axon?

Primary mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set point (resist change)

Change brings about a greater change in the same direction (embrace change)

What form of thermoregulation is exhibited through sweating?

What form of thermoregulation is exhibited through the reflection of heat by dry skin?

What form of thermoregulation is exhibited through the current of the air passing through dry skin (cycles)?

What form of thermoregulation is exhibited through direct contact from one surface to another?

How does the digestive tract contribute to homeostasis?

Monogastric (one stomach) system, enlarged small intestine and cecum for plant material, re-ingested food (eating poop)

Two stomachs, begins in crop (stores food), then proventriculus (1st stomach, digestive juices), then gizzard (2nd stomach, grinds food), no separate openings, uric acid secreted into large intestine, excreted through cloaca

Four stomachs, first two (rumen and reticulum) contain bacteria and protists that digest cellulose, cud regurgitated and chewed, omasium (3rd stomach) removes water, abomasum (4th stomach) has enzymes to digest

Where does the digestive tract begin?

Comprised of skeletal muscles and taste buds

Posterior portion of palate, made of muscle, includes uvula and tonsils

Anterior portion of palate, contains several bones

Which of these is the muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach?

Which of these is continuous with the esophagus and the duodenum, receives food from the esophagus, and starts the digestion of proteins?

Which of these is approximately 6 meters long and is composed of three sections?

Which section of the small intestine is the first 25 cm. of the intestine, receives bile from the liver to emulsify fat, and receives pancreatic juice to digest nutrients and neutralize acidic pH?

Which section of the small intestine is the middle section?

Which section of the small intestine is the remainder leading to the large intestine and contains Peyer's patches, which are an immune response to intestinal pathogens?

What are the fingerlike projections on the small intestines known as?

What components do villi include for nutrient absorption and digestion?

What are the microscopic extensions on the surface of epithelial cells of villi known as?

Which of these are functions of the large intestine?

Which of these produces bile and regulates pH levels?

Which of these produces insulin and glucagon as well as pancreatic juice which digests nutrients?

Which of these stores bile?

Digestion in which larger pieces of food are grinded into smaller ones (chewing)

Digestion in which enzymes break down macromolecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

Name the enzyme:

- Produced by salivary glands, acts in mouth

- Polysaccharides (starch) --> Disaccharides (maltose), oligosaccharides

Name the enzyme:

- Produced by pancreas, acts in small intestine

- Polysaccharides (starch) --> Disaccharides (maltose), monosaccharides

Name the enzyme:

- Produced by the lining of the intestine, acts in small intestine

- Disaccharides --> Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the stomach chief cells, acts in stomach

- Proteins --> Peptides

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the pancreas, acts in small intestine

- Proteins --> Peptides

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the pancreas, acts in small intestine

- Peptides --> Peptides and amino acids

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the lining of the intestine, acts in small intestine

- Peptides --> Amino acids

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the pancreas, acts in small intestine

- Fats --> glycerol and fatty acids

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the small intestine, acts in small intestine

- Nucleotides --> base, sugar, and phosphate

Name the enzyme(s):

- Produced by the pancreas, acts in small intestine

- RNA and DNA --> nucleotides

Functions of Urinary System: excreting nitrogenous end products such as urea, ammonium, creatinine, uric acid

Functions of Urinary System: Blood volume and pressure are related to NaCl, also regulating K⁺

Functions of Urinary System: Keep blood pH around 7.4, excrete hydrogen ion, reabsorb bicarbonate

Functions of Urinary System: secrete renin, erythropoietin, and helps activate vitamin D for calcium absorption

Leads to secretion of aldosterone (sodium reabsorption

Stimulates red blood cell production

Organs of Urinary System:

- Located in lumbar region

- Behind peritoneum

- Covered by tough capsule of fibrous tissue

- Concave side has a depression called hilum

Organs of Urinary System:

- Conduct urine from kidney to bladder

- 3-layered wall (mucosa, smooth muscle, outer connective tissue)

- Peristalsis

Organs of Urinary System:

- Stores urine

- 3 openings (2 for ureters, 1 for urethra)

- Expandable wall

- 2 sphincter muscles control release

Organs of Urinary System:

- Small tube leading from bladder to external opening

- Remove urine from body

- Longer in males than females

- Transports semen in males

Which of these are regions of the kidney?

In a nephron, where does blood go from the renal artery through an afferent arteriole?

In a nephron, where does blood go from the glomerulus through an efferent arteriole?

Parts of a Nephron:

- Also known as Bowman's capsule

- Cuplike structure

- Inner layer has podocytes which form pores

- Forces small solutes out

Parts of a Nephron:

- Cuboidal epithelial cells with microvilli

- Reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients

- Adjusts filtrate pH

Parts of a Nephron:

- U-shaped tube

- Simple squamous epithelium

- Descending and ascending

Parts of a Nephron:

- Lack microvilli, numerous mitochondria

- Designed for tubular excretion rather than reabsorption

- Selectively secretes different ions to maintain pH

Parts of a Nephron:

- Several nephrons connect to one

- Reabsorbs solutes and water into filtrate, forms urine

This limb of the loop of Henle is water permeable, so it allows water to pass from filtrate into interstitial fluid

This limb of the loop of Henle reabsorbs Na and Cl from filtrate to interstitial fluid

Nitrogenous waste: excreted by many invertebrates and aquatic species

Nitrogenous waste: excreted by mammals, amphibians, and some marine species

Nitrogenous waste: excreted by insects, land snails, birds, many reptiles

Circulatory system in which blood is always pumped through the vessels by the heart (separate from interstitial fluid)

Circulatory system in which blood flows to cells, includes hemolymph which is pumped through blood vessels to body cavities

2-chambered heart, blood only goes from heart to gills (1 Atrium, 1 Ventricle)

2 circulatory routes (1 for oxygenation of blood through lungs and skin, 1 for the rest of the body) - 2 Atrium, 1 Ventricle

2 circulatory routes, blood only oxygenated through lungs, partially separated ventricles - 2 Atrium, 1 Ventricle

Completely separated oxygenated (left) and deoxygenated (right) sides - 2 Atria, 2 Ventricles

Oxygen carrier in most vertebrates (humans and birds); heme group associated with it, needs iron

Oxygen carrier in most mollusks and arthropods; copper binds to oxygen instead of iron (blue-green)

Oxygen carrier in annelids and invertebrates; also has iron associated with it, but no heme group

Cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils characterized by a lobed nucleus and granular inclusions (first responders)

Includes lymphocytes and monocytes

Includes B cells and T cells responsible for adaptive immune response

Includes macrophages and dendritic cells, respond to infection or injury

What are the large cells from which platelets are formed?

What are platelets required for?

What is released from damaged tissue cells which triggers a blood clot?

Cell Types: Produce Anti-B antibodies in plasma

Cell Types: Produce Anti-A antibodies in plasma

Cell Types: Produce neither antibodies in plasma (universal acceptor)

Cell Types: No antigens, anti-A and anti-B bodies (universal donor)

Deoxygenated blood --> right atrium --> right ventricle

Lungs --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body

Blood goes to lungs to be oxygenated then returns to heart

Provides blood to heart (arteries and veins)

True or false: blood flow is one-way.

Valves transporting deoxygenated blood to heart

Valve from right atrium to right ventricle

Valve from right ventricle to lungs

Valve from left atrium to left ventricle

Valve from left ventricle to body

True or false: the ventricles contract before the atria

Contraction of the heart muscle

Relaxation of the heart muscle

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated) - thickest walls

Blood vessels which carry blood toward the heart (deoxygenated)

Blood vessels which permit exchange of gas and nutrients with tissues

Arteries and veins: outer layer of connective tissue

Arteries and veins: middle layer of smooth tissue

Arteries and veins: inner layer of epithelial tissue

Which of these is the only one which capillaries have?

Respiration by diffusion across the outer membrane

Respiration by gills (capillary exchange)

Respiration by tracheal system (pores)

Air enters through nasal cavity --> pharynx --> trachea --> bronchi --> bronchiole, then alveoli

The _____ lung is smaller in order to accommodate the heart.

Which of these are in the bronchioles to move mucus and other particles out of the lungs?

Amount of air moving in and out with normal breath

Maximum volume moved in and out (deep breath)

Maximum inhalation > tidal volume

Maximum exhalation > tidal volume

Amount of air always remaining in lungs