study of the coordinated functions of the organs, tissues, body systems

is the organs and glands in the body that aid in the production of new individuals.

a pad of fat tissue over the symphysis pubis

Has a covering of course curly hair, the pubic hair

Protects the pubic bone from trauma.

covered in pubic hair that serves as additional protection against harmful bacteria that may enter the structure.

is a spread of two connective tissue folds that are pinkish in color.

The inner lips of the vagina.

Contains sebaceous glands all over

the cleft between the labia minora. The vagina, urethra and ducts of the greater vestibular glands open into this part

Also known as the Bulbovaginal glands.

Responsible for the lubrication of the external genitalia during coitus

secretes fluids that helps with urination and cleanliness.

center for sexual arousal and pleasure for females.

external opening of the transport tube that leads from the bladder to to discharge urine.

opening of vagina

Thin layer of mucos membrane which partially occludes the opening of the vagina

ridge of tissue which is formed by the posterior joining of the Labia Minora and Majora.

space between the anus and the vaginal opening.

external opening of the rectum

controls the exit of feces during defacation.

produces, stores, and releases egg cells, called Ova or Oocytes into the fallopian tube.

Immature egg cells that becomes ovum if matures

end of tube has finger like projections

Function is to collect the egg cell released from the ovary and move it down the fallopian tube.

two tubes leading from the ovaries into the uterus.

Major female reproductive organ.

Pear shaped muscular organ

Function is to accept fertilized ovum which becomes implanted into the endometrium, and derives nourishment from blood vessels which develop exclusively for this purpose.

inner lining of uterus. Each month, it thickens and renews itself, preparing for pregnancy.

middle layer. Contracts during menstruation to expel the sloughed endometrial lining.

outer layer of the uterus. Secretes a lubricating fluid that helps to reeduce friction.

neck of the uterus. Narrow, lower part of the uterus

3 functions of Vagina

stimulates milk production

Stimulates the release of of milk from glands.

protruding tip. Site of many nerve endings

circular dark-colored area of the skin surrounding the nipple.

outer layer of the breast beneath the skin. Determines the breast size.

Each of these contains 15-20 lobules

tiny bulb that can produce milk.

a thin tube that carries milk from breast lobules to the nipples.

highly pigmented muscular sac

male gonads/male reproductive system

Produce sperm and androgens(testosterone)

tightly coiled form the bulk of each testes, composed of developing sperm.

a coiled tube attached to the testis where newly formed sperm continue to mature.

Muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, just behind the bladder and transports mature sperm into the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

a bundle of nerves, ducts and blood vessels connecting the testicles to the abdominal cavity.

serves as the pathway by which structures can pass from the abdominal wall to the external genitalia.

clinical term when one or both of the testes failed to descent into the scrotum prior to birth.

covers most of the head of the sperm cell as “cap” filled with lysosomal enzymes.

extends from neck and the mid piece through the tail of the sperm, enabling it to move.

contributed 60% of semen volume. fluid contains large amount of fructose.

sits anterior to the rectum. About the size of a walnut.

Formed og both muscular and glandular tissues.

Cowper’s Glands

-release a thick, salty fluid that lubricates the end of the urethra and the vagina.

- is released after the male becomes sexually aroused and shortly before the release of semen.

-called Pre-ejaculation

the male organ of copulation

pair of sponge like regions of erectile tissue, which contains most of the blood during erection.

wide, flat bone that provides many attachment points for muscles of the trunk and hip and join to form hipbone.

serves as the attachment for the posterior thigh muscle and also carries the weight of the body when sitting.

forms the anterior portion of the hip bone and supports the body when sitting.

are bony protrusions located in the narrowest part of your pelvis.

consists of 4 bones: Right and left hip bone, sacrum, coccyx.

formed by the fusion of Ilium, ischium, and the pubis.

forms the pelvis by joining with the hip bones, which gives the spine a strong base of support.

tailbone is the connecting point for many pelvic floor muscles.

Typical female pelvis found in 50% of women.

Rounded slightly oval inlet

Straight pelvic sidewalls with roomy pelvic cavity

Good sacral curves

Ischial spines are not prominent

Pubic arch is wide

typical male pelvis found in 1/3 white women, 1/6 non white

Pelvic brim is heart-shaped

Pelvis funnels from above downwards (Convergent sidewalls)

Narrow pubic arch

Prominent spines

25% white women, 50% non white

Long and narrow pelvic canal with long sacrum

Straight pelvic sidewalls

3% of women

-kidney shaped

-sacral promontory pushed forwards.

the shortest APD(Anterior posterior diameter) between sacral promontory & symphisis pubis

-can only be measured radiologically

N>10 cm

CLINICALLY FAVORABLE PELVIS

biological characteristics that define humans as male or female

is the central aspect of being human throughout life and encompasses sex, gender identities and roles, sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy and reproduction.

is a state of physical, emotional, mental, and social well-being in relation to sexuality.

embrace human rights that are already recognized in laws, international human rights documents and other consensus statements.

is the stage of physical maturation in which individual becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction.

first menstruation and maximal growth rate is reached.

First ovulatory cycles occur at median age of 9 to 10 months after menarche.

secreted DIRECTLY into the BLOOD STREAM.

secreted DIRECTLY into a DUCT, and from the duct, they flow either into the bloodstreamor from cell to cell diffusion in a process known as Paracrine Signaling.

an endocrine gland, about the size of a pea-weighing 0.5 gm.

Master gland

Functions under the control of hypothalamus

Functionally linked to the hypothalamus by the Pituitary Stalk.

Anterior pituitary synthesizes Gonadotropins:

triggers ovulation and development of Corpus Luteum- a yellow mass of pregesterone secreting endocrine tissues that forms the graafian follicle (a mature liquid-filled cavity in a mammalian ovary that ruptures during ovulation to release egg.

initiates Follicular Growth.

regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation, reproductive processes of the body.

produced during menopause

Predominant form in nonpregnant females.

primary estrogen of pregnancy.

Role of Estrogen

is sometimes called the Hormone of pregnancy

converts the Endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation. It also affects Vaginal Epithelium and Cervical mucus, making it thick and impenetrable to sperm.

the corpus luteum will begin receiving hCG from

is a glycoprotein hormone produced in pregnancy made by the developing embryo after conception and later by synctiotrophoblast (part of placenta)

-role is to prevent disintegration of the corpus luteum of the ovary and maintain progesterone production that is critical for pregnancy.

Blood loss per cycle averages

Average age of menarche is

This phase happens 1-13 days where hypothalamus released GnRH and Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH which help the follicle grow and produced estrogen

This phase occurs when there is a negative feedback loop after follicle releases estrogen, the ovary and anterior pituitary sense this and stop producing LH and FSH

Ovum release in peritoneal cavity and swept by the fimbriae into fallopian tube

Corpus luteum formed in this phase and acts as a temporary endocrine to release progesterone and estrogen to support pregnancy

In this phase, progesterone and estrogen helps endometrium to be ready for implantation of the fetus

In this stage, the goal is to let the cervix dilated from 0-10cm and have a 100 percent effacement

In this phase of stage 1, the cervix dilated from 0-4cm and there is a contraction that happens every 5-30 mins with 30-45 secs in length. This phase lasts up to 14-20hours

In this phase of stage 1, the cervix dilated from 4-7cm and the contraction happens every 3-5 mins with the length of 45-60 secs. This phase lasts up to 4-8 hours.

This phase of stage 1 leads to stage 2. This is the shortest but most painful phase. Cervix dilated from 8-10cm and the contraction happens every 2-3 mins per 60-90 secs. This phase lasts 30mins-2hours.

This stage has similar contraction in transition phase. It starts when the cervix is fully dilated and ends with the delivery of the baby

This stage lasts for 5-15 mins only to avoid infection and hemorrhage. It starts when the baby is delivered and ends in the delivery of placenta.

This is the side of the baby in placental delivery

This is the maternal side in placental delivery

This is the first 1-4 hours after the delivery of placenta where the midwife monitors the mother's health including (infection, hemorrhage, lochia, uterine atony, and uterine placement)

When high levels of estrogen are present in the body, as they are just before ovulation, the cervical mucus forms fernlike patterns caused by the crystallization of sodium chloride on mucus fibers when it is placed on a glass slide and allowed to dry.

-This pattern is known as arborization or ferning.

Performing this test at the midpoint of a menstrual cycle is another way to demonstrate that high levels of estrogen are being produced and, by im- plication, that ovulation is about to occur.

is the absence of a menstrual period in a woman of reproductive age. It is the absence of menstruation in a woman by the age of 16.

is where an established menstruation has ceased— for 3 months in a woman with a history of regular cyclic bleeding, or 9 months in a woman with a history of irregular periods.

is a gynecological medical condition characterized by severe uterine pain during menstruation.

a is an unusually heavy and prolonged menstrual period at regular intervals. A blood loss of greater than 80 ml or lasting longer than 7 days

is extremely light menstrual blood flow (scanty periods).

- is uterine bleeding at frequent, irregular intervals, particularly between the expected menstrual periods

is a condition in which prolonged or excessive uterine bleeding occurs irregularly and more frequently than normal.

the medical term for cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer

is infrequent (or very light) menstruation. More strictly, it is menstrual periods occurring at intervals of greater than 35 days.

Nulligravida gravida 0: no pregnancies

◦Primigravida gravida 1, G1: 1 pregnancy

◦Multigravida, G2-G4: more than 1 pregnancies

◦Grandmultigravida, means?

Gravida means pregnancies and Para means what?

infant born anytime after 37 completed weeks to 41 weeks

infant born before 37 completed weeks

In this semester Organogenesis happens when the series of organized integrated processes that transforms an amorphous mass of cells into a complete organ in the developing embryo

In this semester there is a RAPID GROWTH (viability, fetal movement, fetal heart tone, lanugo, vernix).

In this semester there will be a MATURATION OF ORGANS (lungs, heart, brain)

is often the first symptom of pregnancy, occurring as early as one to two weeks after conception - technically, weeks three and four of pregnancy.

That sensation peaks in the first trimester because your body is flooding with hormones. These hormones have an important job, preparing your body to grow a baby.

is a constant redness or itching of the palms which makes a woman believe she has developed an allergy.

this occurs in early pregnancy and is probably caused by increased estrogen levels.

Some pregnant women have difficulty in passing stools.

It is caused by hormonal changes that decrease the rhythmic muscular movements of the gut (peristalsis), which push food along the intestines.

Many women have this in the first trimester (3 months) of pregnancy, which is often called morning sickness. It happens commonly in the morning when the woman gets out of bed.

Excessive salivation is an infrequent but troublesome complaint caused by severe and frequent nausea and vomiting during pregnancy.

A burning feeling or pain in the stomach, or between the breasts. It happens because the growing baby crowds the mother’s stomach and pushes it higher than usual. The acids in the mother’s stomach that help digest food are pushed up into her chest, where they cause a burning feeling.

A symptom that occurs when a woman lies on her back and the uterus presses on the vena cava, impairing blood return to her heart.

A woman experiences an irregular heart rate and a feeling of apprehension.

Also called as tortuous leg veins, common in pregnancy because the weight of the distended uterus puts pressure on the veins returning blood from the lower extremities.

Discharge is the wetness all women have from the vagina.

Pregnant women often have a lot of discharge, especially near the end of pregnancy. It may be clear or yellowish. This is normal.

(also known as piles) are swollen veins around the anus. They may burn, hurt, or itch. Sometimes they bleed when the woman passes a stool, especially if she is constipated. Sitting or standing a lot can make hemorrhoids worse.

Dark or bright red blood. Lasts for three to four days. Flows like a heavy period. Small clots are normal. Mild, period-like cramping.

Hemorrhaging happens in the days or weeks after delivery is called what?

How much blood loss a normal delivery has? And for C-section?

What are the primary needs for newborn care?

What are the newborn needs?

If the APGAR score is 7-10 what should the midwives do?

If the APGAR score is 4-6 what should the midwives do?

If the APGAR score is 0-3 what should the midwives do?

Vaginal discharge during pregnancy falls in greater than pH 7 because of the action of what antibodies?

Bacterial invasion change pH and favors the growth of what kind of microorganism?

It is a yellowish secretion from the breast and it is refer to the precursor of breast milk which contains antibodies from mother's immune system

Any hollow organ when stretched will contract to expel it's contents

Pressure on the cervix stimulates hypophysis release oxytocin

Deprived progesterone initiates labor

Prostaglandins inserted into the cervix are effective in starting labour, but are inferior to vaginal administration. Prostaglandins are produced naturally by the body during the process of labour. Their role is to prepare the cervix and to help open the cervix in response to contractions.

It states here that placenta has 0-3 age where 3 is the matured one. Advance placental age decreases blood supply to the uterus which triggers uterine contractions

is the organs and glands in the body that aid in the production of new individuals.