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WorksheetsBiology AP
Total questions: 213
Worksheet time: 4hrs 55mins
What is a fixed action pattern?
Unlearned acts, unchangeable patterns, reflecting an animal's innate behavior, carried to completion.
Learned acts, changeable patterns, reflecting an animal's instincts, carried to completion.
Unlearned acts, changeable patterns, unfinished.
Learned acts, unchangeable patterns, unfinished.
An example of FAP is Male stickleback fish. Who first noticed this?
Lorenz
Tinbergen
Frisch
Pavlov
What is Kinesis, Taxis?
Only moving towards a stimulus; moving away from a stimulus.
Only moving away from a stimulus; moving toward a stimulus.
Movement toward or away from a stimulus; change in activity in response to a stimulus.
Change in activity in response to a stimulus; movement toward or away from a stimulus.
Pheromones (chemical signals), visual signals, and auditory signals are the basis for animal connection. Which of the following are correct examples of each? (Doesn't have to be in order)
Birdsong, ant trails, penguin stomping feet
Circling, bees buzzing, formic acid
Birdsong, warning flash of wing, ant trails
Ant trails, formic acid, circling
Associative learning is the ability of animals to associate a feature of their environment with another. What are 2 examples of this?
Imprinting
Classical conditioning
Habituation
Operant conditioning
Which of the following regarding behavior is true? (Think about what controls courtship rituals in fruit flies)
It can be directed by genes
It's never directed by genes
It's solely directed by instinct
It's never directed by instinct
When animal learns to ignore harmless stimuli like a scarecrow, what type of learning is this?
Innate learning
Habituation
Operant
Trial and error learning
A compromise between the benefits of nutrition and the cost of obtaining food is called...
Foraging behavior
Agnostic behaviors
Optimal foraging model
Altruism
What is an example of altruism?
A lizard abandoning its eggs from early on
Blue jay giving an alarm call and attracting attention to its location
Social insects caring for their queen
Monkeys helping out other monkeys they're unfamiliar with
Which choice most accurately explains a temperate grassland?
Marked by seasonal drought, occasional fires. prevent significant growth of trees, soil is rich in nutrients
Sparse rainfall, plants and animals adapted to conserve water, CAM plants and plants with adaptions, hot or cold
Grasses and some trees, fire is a dominant abiotic factor, plants adapted for fire, plant growth is substantial during rainy seasons, migration during drought
Dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs, coastal areas with mild rainy winters, long, hot, dry summers
The photic zone (allowing enough light for photosynthesis to occur), the aphotic zone (where very little light penetrates), and the benthic zone (located at the bottom where it's made up of sand, inorganic matter, and organic sediments) are all aquatic biomes. What is the role of thermoclines in these zones?
Separates a cold upper layer and warm deeper waters
Separates a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters
Cycles oxygen through the zones
Organic dead matter in the bottom
In freshwater biomes, like in lakes, what's the difference between the littoral zone and the limnetic zone?
The distance from shore
The depth
The light coverage
The location
What's the difference/what are the differences between Oligotrophic lakes and Eutrophic lakes?
The depth
The oxygen content
The nutrient content
The phytoplankton content
Explain what a neritic zone is. (Try to have correct wording or else it may count your answer as wrong)
(a)
What is a pelagic zone? (Try to have correct wording or else it may count your answer as wrong)
(a)
What is the significance of coral reefs?
They grow corals, sponges, and algae
They contain enidarians that secrete hard calcium carbonate shells
They host organisms that produce detritus
They raise the water's nitrogen levels
What is the best description of an intertidal zone?
Where land meets the water
Where the land and water meet, periodically submerged and exposed by twice-daily tides
The place where land meets water, it's periodically submerged
Periodically submerged and exposed
What is abiotic vs. biotic?
Living vs. non-living
Non-living vs. living
Not breathing vs. breathing
Breathing vs. not breathing
What is the most common pattern of dispersion?
Clumped
Uniform
Random
Density
What's the description of clumped, uniform, and random dispersion in order?
Result of antagonistic interactions, antagonistic interactions, unpredictable pacing
Individuals in patches around a required resource, result of antagonistic interactions, unpredictable spacing
Unpredictable pacing, individuals in patches around a required resource, result of antagonistic interactions
Result of antagonistic interactions, unpredictable spacing, individuals in patches around a required resource
What is demography? Out of Type 1, type 2, and type 3, which shows a constant death rate over the organism's life span?
Study of vital stats of a population; type 3
Study of vital stats of a population; type 2
Study of birth and death rates; type 1
Study of birth and death rates; type 1
What equation shows exponential population growth? What is the carrying capacity of a population?
dN/dt=rmaxN; the max population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time
dt/dN=nmaxr; the max population size
rN/rt=dmaxr; the max population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time
rt/rN=rmaxd; the max population size
What is this showing?
Exponential vs. logistic growth of a population
Growth of a population
How population size is determined by carrying capacity in logistic growth charts
How carrying capacy affects a population
What happens to the per capita rate of increase when carrying capacity is reached in a logistic growth model? (dN/dt=rmaxN(K-N)/K)
It goes up
It goes down
It stays the same
It rapidly increases
What are density dependent factors and what is an example of this?
A death rate rises as pop density rises and a birth rate falls as pop density rises; territoriality
A death rate falls as pop density rises and a birth rate falls as pop density falls; disease
A death rate rises as pop density rises and a birth rate rises as pop density rises; predation
A death rate falls as pop density rises and a birth rate rises as pop density falls; competition for resources
What does density independent mean and what are some examples of this?
When a death rate changes with decrease in population density; tsunamis
When a death rate does not change with increase in population density; earthquakes
When a death rate changes with increase in population density; hurricanes
When a death rate does not change with decrease in population density; volcanic eruptions
What is the best answer for what age structure pyramids show?
The ratio of males to females in a population
The relative number of individuals of each age in a population
The demographic patterns
The growth patterns of a population
Ecological footprint examines the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population. Which of these does a typical person in the united states have?
A footprint of 10 hectares
A footprint of 12 hectares
A footprint of 8 hectares
A footprint of 5 hectares
What does the competitive exclusion principle state? (Interspecific competition)
When two species are struggling for a resource, the smarter one will eliminate the other
When two species are struggling for a resource, they both give up and leave it for another
When two species are struggling for a resource, the one with slight reproductive advantage will eliminate the other
When two species are struggling for a resource, they will settle the dispute peacefully and the one in worse condition will be given the resource
What is an organism's ecological, fundamental, and realized niche?
The sum of biotic and abiotic resources that the species uses; niche potentially occupied by the species; the portion of the fundamental niche that the species actually occupies
The sum of biotic and abiotic resources that the species uses; the portion of the fundamental niche that the species actually occupies; niche potentially occupied by the species
The difference of biotic and abiotic resources that the species uses; the portion of the fundamental niche that the species actually occupies; niche potentially occupied by the species
The difference of biotic and abiotic resources that the species uses; niche potentially occupies by the species; the portion of the fundamental niche that the species actually occupies
Predation is a +/- interaction between two species where one eats the other (predator vs. prey). Name a defense mechanism that the prey uses to avoid predation.
(a)
What is the difference between batesian and mullerian mimicry?
In batesian mimicry, a harmful species mimics the coloration of a harmless species; whereas in mullerian, two bad-tasting species resemble each other and are avoided equally by predators
In batesian mimicry, two bad-tasting species resemble each other and are avoided equally by predators; whereas in mullerian, a harmless species mimics the coloration of a harmful species
In batesian mimicry, a harmless species mimics the coloration of a harmful species; whereas in mullerian, two bad-tasting species resemble each other and are avoided equally by predators
In batesian mimicry, two bad-tasting species resemble each other and are avoided equally by predators; whereas in mullarian, a harmful species mimics the coloration of a harmless species
Herbivory is a +/- situation in which a herbivore eats part of a plant or alga. What is a plant's main protective devices?
Chemical toxins, poison, trapping an organism
Chemical toxins, spines, and thorns
Trapping an organism, spines, weeds
Thorns, spines shooting, gas release
What is one example of symbiosis?
(a)
Parasitism is a +/- symbiotic interaction, but what is mutualism and why?
+/- and it's because it only benefits one species and it doesn't affect the other, like moss growing on a tree
+/+ and it's because it benefits both species, like pollinators an flowering plants
+/- and it's because it only benefits one species, like parasites and humans
-/+ and it's because it only benefits one species, like predator and prey
Define the terms trophic structure, trophic levels, food chains, and food webs.
Trophic structure (links in the trophic levels), trophic levels (feeding relationships), food chains (two or more food webs linked), food webs (transfer of food energy between trophic structures)
Trophic structure (two or more trophic levels linked), trophic levels (transfer of food energy between food chains), food chains (feeding relationships), food webs (links in the food chains)
Trophic structure (feeding relationships), trophic levels (links in the trophic structure), food chains (transfer of food energy between trophic levels), and food webs (two or more food chains linked)
Trophic structure (transfer of food energy between food chains), trophic levels (two or more trophic structures linked), food chains (links in the food webs), food webs (feeding relationships)
Which level has the most energy? (Primary producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, or tertiary)
Secondary consumers - carnivores/omnivores - snakes, foxes
Primary consumers - herbivores - squirrels, grasshoppers
Tertiary consumers - carnivores - wolves, bears
Primary producers- photosynthesizers - autotrophic - trees, plants, flowers
For top-down and bottom up trophic cascades, which one describes a situation where the top consumer/predator controls the primary consumer population?
The top-down cascade (remove wolves, then deer will reproduce rapidly and the number of primary producers will be minimized)
The bottom-up cascade (remove trees then deer number will decrease significantly and wolves will struggle to find food)
Which of these statements regarding keystone species is true?
They exert control on community structure by their important ecological niches
They lead their surrounding communities
They help out their community by sacrifing themselves as a last resort
They bring food to help out their communities that are struggling
True or false: Primary succession is when plants and animals gradually invade a region that was virtually lifeless where soil has not yet formed
True
False
As distance from the mainland increases, the rate of immigration... whereas extinction rates...
Falls... increase
Rises... decrease
Rises... increase
Falls... decrease
Detritivores/decomposers get their energy from detritus. What is detritus?
Soil
Nonliving organic material
Rock that can sit at the bottom of a lake
What do detritivores do with dead organisms, feces, dead leaves, and wood? (detritus, organic material)
They cycle nutrients through ecosystems
They recycle the material and use it for energy
They use it for energy and don't do anything else
All of the above
What is the formula for an ecosystem's primary production? GPP and NPP
(a)
What are the key factors that control primary production in terrestrial ecosystems?
Temperature and moisture
Temperature and climate
Nutrient avaliability and moisture
Solar energy and climate
The percent in energy that is transferred from one trophic level to the next is...
50%
1%
110%
10%
What is an example of a biogeochemical cycle?
(a)
Which of these choices best fits the terms mentioned? ___ fixing bacteria, decomposers, ammonification, denitrifying bacteria, assimilation.
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Water cycle
Carbon cycle
What is acid precipitation defined as?
Rain
Fog with a pH less than 5.2
Snow
All of the above
What is biological magnification?
Toxins that cannot be broken down biologically or by normal chemical means
Buildup of toxins that cannot be broken down so they magnify as they move through the food chain
Buildup of toxins that can be broken down so they magnify as they move through food webs
Toxins that can be broken down biologically or by normal chemical means
What does the greenhouse effect refer to?
CO2 and water vapor intercept and absorb much reflected infrared radiation, reflecting back to earth
Global warming
Absorption of heat the Earth experiences dye to atmospheric gases
CO2 levels increasing b/c of fossil fuels
What does the ozone layer do?
Blocks the sun
Reduces the amount of UV radiation penetration from the sun through the atmosphere
Blocks the affect of the heat given off from stars
Reduces the UV radiation penetration from the earth through the atmosphere
Which of the following lists the terms corresponding to levels of organization in the correct order?
Cells --> tissues --> organs --> organ systems
Cells --> organs --> organ systems --> tissues
Tissues --> cells --> organ systems --> organs
Cells --> tissues --> organ systems --> organs
True or false: In the endocrine system, hormones (chemical signals) are released into the bloodstream and are broadcast throughout the body.
True
False
What happens in the nervous system?
Neurons communicate via electrical and chemical signals
Neurons transmit info between specific locations
Neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells recieve nerve impulses
None of the above
When animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment, even when the external environment changes, what is it called?
Countercurrent exchange
Homeostasis
Metabolic rate
Negative- feedback systems
What happens in negative-feedback systems? Positive-feedback systems?
Animal responds to stimulus in a way that reduces the stimulus; a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change
A change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change; animals maintain their internal temp within a tolerable range
A change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than reverse the change; animal responds to stimulus in a way that reduces the stimulus
Animals maintain their internal temp within a tolerable range; animal responds to stimulus in a way that reduces the stimulus
Panting, sweating, shivering, and behaviors such as burrowing and sunning can most commonly be a result of...
Negative-feedback systems
Thermoregulation
Homeostasis
Torpor
What's the difference between endotherms and ectotherms?
Different classification (vertebrates, invertebrates, etc)
Their way of gaining heat
Heat source
Their circulatory systems
Sponges digest their food using... while most animals break their food down using....
Intracellular digestion; extracellular digestion
Extracellular digestion; intracellular digestion
What cells are responsible for blood clotting?
White blood cells
Platlet
Plasma
Red blood cells
What are gametes classified as? What about the zygote?
Diploid (single set of chromosomes); Haploid (two sets of chromosomes)
Diploid (two sets of chromosomes); Haploid (single set of chromosomes)
Haploid (single set of chromosomes); Diploid (two sets of chromosomes)
Haploid (two sets of chromosomes); Diploid (single set of chromosomes)
What is a type of asexual reproduction?
Fission
Budding
Parthenogenesis
Fragmentation
Which organisms reproduce asexually?
Yeast, bacteria, ameoba, protist, snail
Fungi, ameoba, protist, plants, animals
Fungi, bacteria, plants, yeast
What is the period of rapid mitotic cell division that partitions the cytoplasm of the zygote into smaller cells called blastomeres?
Anaphase
Cytokinesis
Cleavage
Fertilization
What kind of cells are capable of developing into all the different cell types of that species?
Stem cell
Totipotent cells
Pluripotent
Regular cells
What are somatic cells not?
Skin cell
Nerve cell
Germline cell
Reproductive cell
Neurotransmitters are.. (select which ones apply)
Norepinephrine
Seratonin
Epinephrine
Dopamine
What is speciation?
(a)
What is microevolution?
(a)
What percent of living matter does C, H, O, N make up?
85%
96%
94%
100%
What are trace elements? Include an example.
Elements required by an organism; gold
Elements required by an organism; iodine
Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities; iron
Elements required by an organism in only minute quantities; potassium
Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. Which of these subatomic particles has no charge and is found in the nucleus?
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
What is the only subatomic particle that can form isotopes and vary in the same element?
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
What's the difference between polar covalent bonds and nonpolar covalent bonds? Which element is strongly electronegative?
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally and polar covalent bonds do not; calcium
Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally and polar covalent bonds do not; oxygen
Nonpolar covalent bonds do not share electrons equally and polar covalent bonds do; oxygen
Nonpolar covalent bonds do not share electrons equally and polar covalent bonds do; potassium
What happens in ionic bonds? Hydrogen bonds?
Two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more e-neg atom steals the electron from the other, opposite charges attract; weak bonds that form between partially positively charged h atom of a molecule and the strongly e-neg oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule
Weak bonds that form between partially positively charged h atom of a molecule and the strongly e-neg oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule; two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more e-neg atom steals the electron from the other, opposite charges attract
Weak bonds that form between an h atom and a lower e-neg molecule; two atoms that attract valence electrons so unequally that the less e-neg atom steals the electron from the other, similar charges attract
Two atoms that attract valence electrons so unequally that the less e-neg atom steals the electron from the other, similar charges attract; weak bonds that form between an h atom and a lower e-neg molecule
What are Van der Waal interactions? **Note -Transient = Momentary variation in current, voltage, frequency.
Very strong, transient connections that are a result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule
Very weak, transient connections that are a result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule
Very weak, transient connections that are a result of equal distribution of electrons within a molecule
Very strong, transient connections that are a result of equal distribution of electrons within a molecule
The point at which the forward and reverse reactions offset one another exactly is called...
(a)
Water molecules are...
Polar
Nonpolar
Cohesion is...
(a)
Adhesion is...
(a)
T or F, cohesion is the linking or joining and adhesion is the clinging or attachment. Cohesion displays surface tension.
True
False
T or F (Capillary action is the process of liquid flowing through a narrow space with the assistance of gravity)
True
False
Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by...? What does water's high specific heat do?
1 degree C; makes the temp of Earth's oceans relatively stable and able to support plant and animal life
1 degree C; makes the temp of Earth's oceans completely stable and able to host animal life only
1 degree F; makes the temp of Earth's oceans completely stable and able to host animal life only
1 degree F; makes the temp of Earth's oceans relatively stable and able to support plant and animal life
Knowing that water is less dense as a solid than in it's liquid form, what impact does it have on large bodies of water?
(a)
What is hydrophillic vs. hydrophobic?
Water-soluble substances (ionic compounds, polar molecules, proteins); non-water soluble substances (oils, nonpolar)
Non-water-soluble substances (oils, nonpolar); water-soluble substances (ionic compounds, polar molecules)
Water-soluble substances (oils, nonpolar); non-water-soluble substances (ionic compounds, polar molecules, proteins)
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is an important buffer in living systems. What does it do?
Moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean
Donate H+ when they're depleted
Accept H+ from solution when there's a surplus
None of the above
Which functional group has carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids?
Phosphate
Carboxyl
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Amino
Proteins are...
(a)
Carbohydrates include...
Simple sugars (glycine) and polymers like starch
Simple sugars (glucose, fructose..) and polymers like fatty acids
Simple sugars (glucose, fructose..) and polymers like starch
Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates, polysaccharides are the polymers of monosacchrides. What are two functions of polysaccharides?
Energy storage
Create polymers from monomers
Structural support
Splitting large molecules
Lipids are all
Hydrophobic non-polymers
Hydrophilic non-polymers
Hydrophobic polymers
Hydrophilic polymers
Give an example of a lipid
(a)
True or false: Triglycerides (fats) are made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules
False
True
Fatty acids include hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths that are...
Polar and hydrophillic
Non-polar and hydrophobic
Non-polar and hydrophillic
Polar and hydrophobic
Saturated fatty acids
Are commonly produced by animals
Have no double bonds between carbons
Are lard and butter
Pack solidly at room temp
Unsaturated fatty acids
Are commonly produced by plants
Have some carbon doubke bonds, resulting in kinks
Are linked to cardiovascular disease
Tend to be liquid at room temp; corn oil and olive oil
What are functions of lipids?
Energy storage
Cell membrane bilayer
Protection of vital organs and insulation
Structural support
Phospholipids are arranged in a bilayer which forms the cell membrane, which of the following about the phospholipid bilayer is correct?
The hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in between
The hydrophilic tails are sanwiched in between
There's hydrophilic heads that point towards the cytosol
There's hydrophobic heads that point towards the cytosol
Amino acids contain
(a)
Amino acids are linked by..
Ionic bonds
Peptide bonds
Covalent bonds
The first level of the protein folding system is
Association of two or more polypeptide chains into a large protein. Hemoglobin is globular protein
The two to three-dimensional shapes that are the result of h bonding. Alpha helix and beta helix.
The unique sequence in which the amino acids are joined
Complex globular shape, interactions between R groups, Van der Waal interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges
What happens when a protein does not fold correctly?
Function lost due to heat, change in pH
Impacts the health of the cell - denatured - shape lost
Hydrophobic interactions, van der Waal interactions occur
Sickle cell anemia
Chaperonins assist in..
Amino acid sequence
Alpha helix formation
Protein folding
Peptide bond formation
DNA and RNA are..
Two nucleic acids and their polymers are nucleic acids
Two nucleic acids and their monomers are nucleotides
Two nucleotides and their monomers are nucleic acids
Two proteins and their polymers are nucleotides
Nucleotides are made of
Phosphate group
Triglyceride backbone
Nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C,G,U)
Pentose (5-c sugar)
Nucleic acids are used for/as
Energy, energy storage, structure
An energy source, insulation
Heredity, they code for the amino acid sequence
Enzymes and movement
Select which answers do NOT apply to Prokaryotic Cells
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Cytosol with organelles
Plasma membrane
Internal membranes
The nucleus is surounded by a double membrane called
(a)
The nuclear envelope contains nuclear pores. What do the nuclear pores do?
They sort, modify, and synthesize molecules that enter
They maintain the shape of the nuclear envelope
They control what enters and leaves the nucleas
They protect the envelope from damage
When the diffuse threads of chromatin condense into visible chromosomes, what is this indicating?
A cell is ending its cell division process
A cell is in its telophase stage of mitosis
A cell is getting ready for cell division
A cell is beginning meiosis
Where are free ribosomes vs. bound ribosomes?
Floating in the RER producing proteins; attached to the cytosol and make proteins for export from the cell
Floating in the cytosol producing proteins; attached to the RER and make proteins for export from the cell
Attached to the RER and make proteins for export from the cell; floating in the cytosol producing proteins
Attached to the cytosol and make proteins for export from the cell; floating in the RER producing proteins
The smooth ER's function is
Package proteins into transport vesicles
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Synthesis of lipids
Detoxification of drugs and poisons
Proteins that are packaged into transport vesicles and are sent off toward the Golgi apparatus are then
Shipped
Modified
Stored
The cis face of the Golgi apparatus... whereas the trans face...
Packages vesicles; ships vesicles
Recieves vesicles; Ships vesicles
Ships vesicles; recieves vesicles
Recieves vesicles; stores vesicles
Membrane bound sacs of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest large molecules, such as proteins, polysaccharides, fats, and nucleic acids, are called
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
What is the significance of the membrane that surrounds lysosomes?
They maintain a neutral environment within the inside via a proton pump
They maintain water balance
They maintain an acidic environment within the inside via a proton pump
They maintain pH balance
What indicates that population growth is ceasing and carrying capacity is reached?
K-N/K
K
K=N
rmaxN
What is direct evidence of the endosymbiant theory?
Lysosomes and chloroplasts
Mitochondria and Chromatin
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Nucleus and lysosomes
Which of the following statements is NOT part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?
Members of the population that are physically weaker than others will be eliminated first by forces in the environment.
Because there are more individuals than the environment can support, this leads to a struggle for existence in which only some of the offspring survive in each generation.
Individuals survive and reproduce with varying degrees of success.
The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in the population.
Individuals in a population vary in their characteristics, and no two individuals are exactly alike.
Which way does the template strand run? The coding strand? mRna strand?
3' to 5', 5' to 3', 3' to 5'
5' to 3', 3' to 5', 5' to 3'
3' to 5', 5' to 3', 5' to 3'
5' to 3', 5' to 3', 3' to 5'
Why should we rotate our plants at least a quarter every two weeks?
Increase the lean
Minimize the effects of phototropism
It promotes new growth in areas that may be inactive
Even amount of sunlight
What happens when chromosomes are tightly condensed and the DNA is wrapped tightly?
None of the above
Chromatin is accessible to the enzymes involved in DNA transcription, repair, replication
It's difficult for transcription factors to bind to the DNA
It's challenging for proteins to attach
It is assumed that glycolysis was the first metabolic pathway for producing ATP. How is this supported?
It is universal, used in fermentation and respiration
It takes place in the cytoplasm
It produces pyruvate
It's an anaerobic process
What is the plasma membrane in Eukaryotes made out of?
Carbohydrate groups
Proteins
Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
What purpose do the proteins in the cell membrane serve?
Cell to cell signaling
They're ribosome pumps
They're channels that move material into and out of the cell
Maintain fluidity and shape of the cell
What happens if cholesterol is absent in a cell?
Water gets in
There is no signalling
Cell lysis
The lipid bilayer doesn't form
Carb groups in the cell membrane...
Participate in cell recognition and adhesion
Only serve the structural role as a barrier
Only focus on cell to cell signaling
Have a structural role as a barrier
Mitochondria are
Sites of photosynthesis
Sites of cellular resp.
Sites where glycolysis occurs
Sites where fermentation occurs
What shows evidence for the endosymbiont theory with chloroplasts and mitochondria?
Both have cristae folds
Both have their own ribosomes and DNA
Both have a double-membrane structure
Both reproduce independently within the cell
What do peroxisomes do that exemplify how the cell's compartmental structure is crucial to its functions?
They detoxify alcohol by transferring hydrogen from the poison to oxygen
They detoxify alcohol by transferring oxygen from the poison to hydrogen
They break down fatty acids to be sent to the mitochondria for fuel
They break down fatty acids to be sent to the ribosomes for fuel
What makes up the cytoskeleton?
Intermediate filaments, centrioles, microfilaments
Microtubules, intermediate filaments, centrioles
Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Centrosomes, microfilaments, microtubules
Centrosome are microtubule-organizing centers, they contain centrioles in animal cells that
Make sure the microtubules form
Replicate before cell division
Make sure the spindle forms
Replicate during cell division
Flagella are different from cilia because
They're shorter and more numerous
They can't be used for locamotion
They're longer and fewer in number
They're only in prokaryotes
What provides channels between adjacent animal cells through which ions, sugars, and other small molecules can pass?
TIght junctions
Gap junctions
Pores
Desmosomes
What is the primary component of cell walls?
Chloroplast
Cellulose
Chromatin
Chlorophyll
Channels that perforate adjacent plant walls and allow the passage of some molecules cell to cell are called
Chaperonin
Peroxisomes
Ion channels
Plasmodesmata
Integral proteins are... and peripheral are...
Loosely bound to the membrane surface; completely embedded in the cell membrane
Completely embedded in the cell membrane; loosely bound to the membrane surface
Water moves through special transport proteins termed
Ion channels
Chemiosmosis
Aquaporins
Plasmodesmata
Osmosis is
The active diffusion of water across a membrane
The diffusion of water across a selevtively permeable membrane
The diffusion across a selectively permeable membrane
The active diffusion across a membrane
What is the difference between hypo and hypertonic solutions?
One means equal flow/ no net movement of water, the other means low-high
Hypo means high to low and the cell will lose water to its surroundings and it may shrivel and die; hyper means low to high concentration and water will enter the cell faster than it leaves, cell may swell and burst
Hypo means low to high concentration and water will enter the cell faster than it leaves, cell may swell and burst; hyper means high to low and the cell will lose water to its surroundings and it may shrivel and die
One means equal flow/ no net movement of water, the other means high-low
Ions and polar molecules cannot pass through the membrane easily and need to use facilitated diffusion to pass, how do the transport proteins work to help the molecules pass?
They bind loosely to the molecules and carry them through
They provide a hydrophilic channel
They use active transport to move them against their gradients
They break them down and pass the parts of them that is able to pass freely
Does active transport need ATP? Facilitated diffusion?
No; yes
Yes; Yes
Yes; No
No; no
Which two processes utilize electrochemical gradients as potential energy sources to generate ATP?
Cellular resp.
Glycolysis
Photosynthesis
Pyruvate oxidation
T or F: Catabolic pathways consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, an example is when your body links amino acids together to form muscle protein in response to physical exercise
True
False
Energy is released in a _____ reaction
Catabolic
Exergonic
Endergonic
Anabolic
ATP is made of
Ribose and a chain of three phosphate groups
Triglyceride and some side groups
The nitrogenous base adenine
Three phosphate groups and a triglyceride only
How does ATP become ADP?
The nitrogenous base pair changes
A phosphate group is taken off
A phosphate group is transferred through hydrolysis
An amino acid is attached
Do enzymes speed up reactions? Doing what?
Yes; lowering the activation energy of the reaction without changing the free energy change of the reaction
No
Yes; by increasing the activation energy of the reaction with changing the free energy change of the reaction
Protein enzymes' 3d shapes are dramatically affected by changes in
Temp
Bonds
pH
Amino acid side groups
Cofactors are
Protein helpers; function to make coenzymes; vitamins
Protein helpers; function to make catalysis occur; vitamins
Nonprotein helpers; function to make coenzymes; metal ions
Nonprotein helpers; function to make catalysis occur; metal ions
What do noncompetitve inhibitors do?
None of the above
Like competitive, they directly compete with the substrate molecule, but unlike competitive, they change the shape of the enzyme by binding to the active site
Unlike competitive, they do not directlhy compete with the substrate molecule and instead they impede enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme causing shape change and rendering the active site nonfunctional
They compete for the active site on the eznyme
An elaborate example of cell signaling is a program of controlled cell suicide called
Cytosis
Cell lysis
Apoptosis
Phosphorylation cascadee
What are examples of two catabolic pathways?
Photosynthesis (aerobic)
Cellular resp (aerobic)
Fermentation (partial degradation of sugars that occurs anaerobically)
Glycolysis (anaerobic)
When a reactant is oxidized it
Loses electrons
Gains energy
Gains electrons
Loses energy
Where is the electron transport chain and what does it do
The mitochondrial matrix; electron transport and ATP synthesis powered by the flow of protons back across the membrane
The outer membrane of the mitochondria; electron transport and pumping of protons to create a proton gradient across the membrane, the final electron acceptor is O2
The inner membrane of the mitochondria; electron transport and pumping of protons to create a proton gradient across the membrane, the final electron acceptor is O2
The cristae of the mitochondria; electron transport and ATP synthesis powered by the flow of protons back across the membrane
Chemiosmosis is an energy-coupling mechanism that
None of the above
Uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient (H+) to drive oxidative phosphorylation
Uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient (H+) to drive ATP synthesis (cellular work)
Allows hydrogen ions to flow down their gradient through a channel in the transmembrane protein known as ATP synthase
What is the reaction for photosynthesis?
(a)
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
(a)
What means the wrong number of chromosomes?
Monosomy
Polyploid
Aneuploid
Trisomy
Where does glycolysis take place?
Stroma
The mitochondrial matrix
The cytoplasm
The mitochondria
Where does the krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)?
Mitochondria
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Cytoplasm
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
Cytoplasm
Mitochondrial matrix
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondria
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
Mitochondria
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Cytoplasm
Low concentration in protons in the
Stroma
Inner mitochondrial membrane
Mitochondrial matrix
Cytoplasm
For glycolysis, what goes in and what goes out?
Glucose (6-C) with high energy e- in bonds, 2NAD+ (high energy e- carrier), 2ATP; 2 pyruvate (3-C, waste product, high energy e- in bonds), 2NADH (full e- carrier), 4 ATP (SLP)
2 pyruvate (3-C, waste product, high energy e- in bonds), 2NADH (full e- carrier), 4 ATP (SLP); glucose (6-C) with high energy e- in bonds, 2NAD+ (high energy e- carrier), 2ATP
Glucose (6-C) with high energy e- in bonds, 2NADH (high energy e- carrier), 2ATP; 2 pyruvate (3-C, waste product, high energy e- in bonds), 2NAD+ (full e- carrier), 4 ATP (SLP)
What is substrate-level phosphorylation (SLP)?
Direct transfer of phosphate of organic molecule to ATP
Direct transfer of an amino acid of organic molecule to ADP
Direct transfer of phosphate of organic molecule to ADP
Direct transfer of an amino acid of organic molecule to ATP
2-acetyl coA (2-C). 2 CO2(waste), 2NADH out indicates that this process is
Fermentation
Electron transport chain
Pyruvate oxidation
Krebs cycle
2 acetyl coA, 6 NAD+, and 2FAD going in shows that this process is
The electron transport train
The calvin cycle
The citric acid cycle
Pyruvate oxidation
What comes out of the krebs cycle?
4CO2, 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 2 ATP (SLP)
4CO2, 6NADH, 2FAD, 2 acetyl coA
2 acetyl CoA, 6NAD+, 2 FAD
2 ATP, 2FADH2, 6NAD+
Which of the following correctly depicts the in and out products of the electron transport chain?
10 NADH, 2 FAD, O2; 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, H2O (waste)
10 NADH, 2 FAD, H2O (waste); 10 NAD+, 2 FADH2, O2
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2; 10 NAD+, 2 FAD, H2O (waste), 32 ATP (chemiosmosis)
10 NAD+, 2 FAD, H2O (waste), 32 ATP (chemiosmosis); 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, O2
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Using the energy from protons to make ATP
Using the energy from electrons to make ADP
Using the energy from electrons to make ATP
Using the energy from protons to make ADP
What is used to create proton gradient by activating proton pumps?
Energy/ATP itself
Kinetic energy
Potential energy
Ionic energy
For both fermentation processes (lactic acid and alcoholic), which is true?
Purpose is to regenerate NAD+
Pyruvate and NADH goes in
Anaerobic process
They occur in the cytoplasm
All of the above
What do both fermentations (lactic acid and alcoholic) have in common with their out products?
Ethanol (2-C)
Lactic acid (3-C)
NAD+
CO2
How do pigments work?
(a)
What does p stand for and what is its meaning?
None of the above
Protons; hydrogen ion; governs the behaviors of all matters in our world
Photons; packets of light
Peak absorption; wavelength of light that causes the greatest excitation of electrons
What is the primary pigment for photosynthesis?
All of the above
Carotenoids
Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
What transfers energy through resonance (photon of light strikes photosystem; vibrates and passes energy)?
Photophosphorylation
Accessory pigments
Antenna pigment molecules
Peak absorption
Accessory pigments are all pigments except
Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Caretenoids
Antenna pigments
From photosystem 2 to 1, what is produced?
NADPH
NADP+
H2O
ATP
Light reactions occur where in specific
Mitochondria
The thylakoid
In the stroma
Chloroplast
If H2O(electron donor)(H+ donor), NADP+ (electron carrier), and light energy go into a reaction, what is it called?
Krebs cycle
Noncyclic photophosphorylation
Calvin cycle
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Which photosystem only produces ATP?
Photosystem 2 - noncyclic photophosphorylation
Photosystem 1 - cyclic photophosphorylation
Trick question, it's both
What happens in photosystem 1?
Catalyze the photo-oxidation of water by using light energy.
Makes ATP through chemiosmosis and returns to reaction center
Electrons booted to a higher energy level
Energized by light and drops into electron transport chain
What is an indicator for CAM plants?
Calvin cycle occurs
Carbon fixing plant
CO2 unable to diffuse
Bundle sheath cells
Why is rubisco a bad enzyme?
(a)
Plants can't regulate high temps well so they control the CO2 to O2 ratio using
All of the above
Bundle sheath cells where CO2 is converted
Carbon fixation
Rubisco
Where does the calvin cycle occur?
The stroma
The chloroplast specifically
The thylakoid
The mitochondria
What goes in and out of the calvin cycle
NADPH, G-3 (PGAL)(3-C carb; high energy electrons in bonds); NADP+, ATP, O2
NADP+, G-3 (PGAL)(3-C carb; high energy electrons in bonds); NADPH, ATP, CO2
NADP+, ATP, O2; NADPH, G-3 (PGAL)(3-C carb; high energy electrons in bonds)
NADPH, ATP, CO2; NADP+, G-3 (PGAL)(3-C carb; high energy electrons in bonds)
Somatic cells are
Diploid
All body cells except gametes
Gametes
Sperm and egg cells
Germline cells refer to
Gametes (egg and sperm cells)
All cells of the body except gametes
Haploid
Diploid
Humans have a diploid chromosome number of
6
12
23
46
Haploid gametes are ___ the number of chromosomes as a diploid cell
Thrice
Half
A quarter
Twice
After chromosomes are replicated, _____ are formed and attached by a ______
Kinetochore; spindle fibers
Centromeres; microtubules
Sister chromatids; centromere
Sister chromatids; kinetochore
The division of a cell's cytoplasm is called
Cleavage
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Metaphase
In the G1 phase, the cell
Experiences a gap after the chromosomes have been duplicated before mitosis
Carries out its unique functions, but also duplicates its chromosomes
Rests and stays there performing its actions forever
Grows while carrying out cell functions unique to its cell type
What happens in prophase?
The nucleoli disappear
The mitotic spindle begins to form in the cytoplasm
The chromatin becomes more tightly coiled into discrete chromosomes
All of the above
What happens in metaphase?
Cell elongates, opposite ends of the cell contain equal sets of chromosomes by the end
Microtubules move the chromosomes to the equator of the cell, spindle.
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles on the developing spindle
Sister chromatids begin to separate
What best describes anaphase?
Cell elongates
Nuclear envelopes re-form around the sets of chromosomes at the opposite ends of cell
Sister chromatids separate and interact with the kinetochore microtubules
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles in the cell
What happens in telophase?
All of the above
Splitting of the cytoplasm of the cell, in animal cells cleavage furrow forms, in plant cells a cell plate forms.
None of the above
Prokaryotes replicate their genome by binary fission rather than mitosis
This image is a pedigree of a family which passed down the gene for Tay sachs disease. What is the correct answer for what this disease falls under?
Autosomal dominant
X-linked recessive
Y-linked
X-linked dominant
Autosomal recessive
This image shows a pedigree where the trait for cystic fibrosis was passed down. Which answer best describes the condition?
X-linked recessive
Autosomal recessive
X-linked dominant
Autosomal dominant
Y-linked
In guinea pigs, black fur (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). No tail (T) is dominant over tail (t). What fraction of the dihybrid cross BbTt X BbTt will have black fur and tails?
3/16
6/18
1/16
9/16
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1, what is q2 recognized as?
Homozygous dominant (AA)
Homozygous recessive (aa)
Heterozygous (Aa)
The bottleneck effect supports what?
Gradualism
Gene flow
Genetic drift
Punctuated equilibrium
Gene flow is the
All of the above
Alteration of allele frequency in a gene pool
Evolution of new species
Movement of genes into or out of a population
T or F: Mitosis ends when MPF switches itself off by starting a process that leads to the destruction of cyclin molecules (which make CDK inactive)
False
True
Crossing over is
The pairing of homologous chromosoms in any combination
When an unfertilized egg begins to divide
Genetic exchange between homologous chromosomes
The process of two gametes fusing to form a zygote
What supports the fact that sexual reproduction increases genetic variation?
(a)
What is it called when dominance in which the heterozygote and the homozygotes for the dominant allele are indistinguishable?
Codominance
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Polygenic inheritance
The example of if two plants, one with white flowers and one with red, were crossed and all the offspring had pink flowers, explains
Epistasis
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Pleiotrophy is when
A gene has more than two alleles (blood types)
A gene at one locus alters the effects of a gene at another locus (albinism)
The property of a gene causes it to have multiple phenotypic effects (sickle-cell disease)
Two or more genes have an additive effect on a single character in the phenotype
