• may have a variety of

noticeable grain patterns

•Tends to twist and cup, and

wears unevenly

•Tends to have raised grain

•Shrinks and swells less in

thickness, more in width

• has more even grain patterns

•Wears more evenly with less

raised grain and warping

• shrinks and swells less in

width, more in thickness

come from the conifers (evergreens)

which have needles instead of leaves, e.g. pine

come from the broad-leaved or

deciduous trees. Most Philippine timber are of this

latter kind

is the softer, younger outer portion

of a tree that lies between the

cambium (formative layer just under

the bark) and the heartwood.

the older, harder central

portion of a tree.

- usually contains deposits

of various materials that

frequently give it a darker

color than sapwood.

PROPERTIES OF WOOD

PROPERTIES OF WOOD

This is measured by the compression

which a piece of timber undergoes when a weight

is applied to it.

PROPERTIES OF WOOD

The amount of piece will bend before

breaking . Softwoods are generally brittle while

most hardwoods are flexible.

DEFECTS OF WOOD

Caused by the attack

of fungi.

DEFECTS OF WOOD

Cracks or lengthwise separation across the annual

rings of growth caused by irregular shrinkage during

drying. Checks are formed when the circumference

shrinks more than the interior section of the log.

DEFECTS OF WOOD

These are cracks

between and parallel to the

annual rings of the growth

DEFECTS OF WOOD

These are irregular

growths in the body of a tree

which interrupt the smooth

curve of the grain. The fibers of

the tree are turned from their

normal course and grow around

the knot at that point of the tree

DEFECTS OF WOOD

These are well-

defined openings between

annual rings containing solid or

liquid pitch.

DEFECTS OF WOOD

This is the lack of wood

on the edge or corner of a

piece.

DEFECTS OF WOOD

Any variation with

the plane surface of the piece

caused by unequal shrinkage

of the board. There are

several forms of warp:

There are four available classifications of lumber:

Lumber less than 2” thick and less than 8”

wide.

Pieces less than 2” thick and at

least 8” wide.

Pieces more than 2” and less

than 5” in any dimension.

Pieces 5” or more on the smallest

dimension

The drying of the wood continues until the vapor

pressure in the air just balances the vapor pressure

on the wood surface.

This condition of dryness of the wood is called

The process of removing moisture from green wood

(wood from freshly-cut logs) is called

SEASONING OF LUMBER

the lumber is exposed to the air

SEASONING OF LUMBER

 warm moist air or superheated

steam is used to heat the wood and drive out moisture.

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Oil-Type Wood Preservatives

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Black or brownish oil made from distilling coal tar.

Advantages are: highly toxicity to wood-destroying

organisms; insolubility in water; ease of application.

Disadvantages are its strong, unpleasant odor, cannot be painted, easily ignited when first applied

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

a mixture of coal-tar or petroleum oils and 50 to 80%

by volume of coal-tar creosotes.

Has same advantages as coal-tar creosotes but is

less effective

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Water-borne Wood Preservatives

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Guide rail posts, utility poles, bridge

timbers, piles, structural glued-laminated

timbers, landscape timbers, posts,

boardwalks, permanent wood

foundations and residential construction,

decking and fencing

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Railway ties, mine timbers, poles,

foundation piles, marine piles and

bulkheads

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Utility poles, cross arms, bridge timbers

and ties

PRESERVATION OF LUMBER

Piles, utility poles, marine timbers,

construction lumber

is the most common wood composite. It gets its

name from its construction: it is made of several thin plies, or veneers, of wood that have

been glued together. Each ply or veneer is glued so that its grain is at right angles to the grain of the previous ply.

Plywood is commonly available in:

This is a paneling material made by reducing and

refining wood chips into small, threadlike fibers, and

then pressing them under heat in hydraulic pressure

into dense, smooth, and very rigid panels

Hardboards are a cheaper option than plywood

where strength is not required.

Hardboard has a smooth surface on one side and a

screened surface on the other. It is sometimes

known as

There are three types of hard board:

HARDBOARD

is light brown in color and has a fairly hard, smooth

surface on one side and a screened impression on

the other. It is flexible and easy to bend. It is suitable for interior use only and where it is not subject to moisture.

HARDBOARD

is somewhat denser than the Standard but not as

dense as Tempered.

HARDBOARD

is the densest type, made by impregnating standard

board with tempering compound of oils and resins and baking it to polymerize the tempering materials. It is dark brown in color, brittle and stiff, with improved machining qualities and greater resistance to moisture and water penetration, making it ideal for exterior use

Brand names of Hardboard:

standard and tempered boards

Brand names of Hardboard:

panel boards

Brand names of Hardboard:

standard, panel and tempered hard board

 is made by bonding together wood particles

with an adhesive under heat and pressure to form a

rigid board with a relatively smooth surface, often

faced with veneer. It is made by binding phenolic resin or urea formaldehyde glue.

are finishing materials made from

vegetable fibers such as corn or sugarcane stalks

pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has

good insulating properties therefore it is usually used for ceiling only.

Brand names of Fiberboard

is a type of fiberboard which is made from wood

fibers glued under heat and pressure.

contains no internal voids, and will

produce better edges providing that it is correctly

machined.

This is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum

core enclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to

be used without addition of plaster for walls, ceilings or

partitions. It is extensively used in “dry-wall” construction,

where plaster is eliminated

Brand Names GYPSUM:

GYPSUM BOARDS

for coverstrip jointing;

visible butt - jointed

panelling with clamp fixing

and free suspension.

GYPSUM BOARDS

for smooth seamless

jointing; jointless wall

and ceiling panelling

GYPSUM BOARDS

this type is used as a base in a multi-ply

construction of self-supporting (studless) gypsum walls. It comes in 1” (25mm) thickness or 2- factory-laminated, ½ “ thick layers of backing board .

GYPSUM BOARDS

For use in fire-rated assemblies, this may be wallboard, backing board, or coreboard made more fire-resistant by addition of glass-fiber or other reinforcing materials

GYPSUM BOARDS

This type comes with water-resistant gypsum core and water-repellant face paper. It maybe used as base for walls of bathrooms, showers, and other areas exposed

to wetting

GYPSUM BOARDS

This type is used as fire protection and bracing of

exterior frame walls. It must be protected from the

weather by an exterior facing.

GYPSUM BOARDS

This type is used as a permanent form in the casting of

gypsum concrete roof decks.

is comprised of 72% Portland Cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers

derived from recycled materials, and 8% calcium

carbonate.

GYPSUM BOARDS

This type is used for surface layer on interior walls and ceilings. The regular wallboard comes with grey liner paper backing and special paper finish on the facingand edges suitable for decoration

GYPSUM BOARDS

This is used as base layer in multi-ply construction,

where several layers of gypsum boards are desired for high fire resistance, sound control and strength in walls.

is made of small wood chips and base

materials including cotton stalk, rice straw, bagasse,

conventional wood chips and sawdust that have been pressed and glued together

consists of finished lumber which is further cut

and processed at a lumber mill.

 includes doors, windows, mouldings, trim and other ornamental forms of

wood.

CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS

CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS

Synthetic resin plastics

soften when heated and harden when cooled

regardless of the number of times the process is

repeated. They have a molecular structure which is

essentially linear or threadlike in form

CLASSIFICATION OF PLASTICS

Synthetic resin plastics

sometimes called thermocuring

plastics, set into shape permanently when heat and

pressure are applied during the forming stage. They

have a molecular structure in a 3-dimensional

arrangement

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

Popular brands are “LUCITE” and “PLEXIGLASS”, this material combines the transparency of glass (but not scratch-proof quality) with plastics’ shatterproof quality. Used principally for skylights, skydomes, safety glass, paints, adhesives, finish hardware, & lighting fixtures

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

primarily cellulose acetate or butyrate, used principally

for paints and lacquers, and transparent sheeting.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

is a hard, strong,

tough and rigid thermoplastic for

household and industrial

applications

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

its is one of most important thermoplastics because of its excellent transparency and rigidity and its easy moldability. It is non-water absorbent, it is found in colorful, but brittle wall tiles. It is one of several plastics used in lighting

fixture diffusers. In foam form, it has become an

important thermal insulator. Also found in paint for

concrete.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

is a largely amorphous, rigid, tough, solvent-resistant, flame-resistant thermoplastic. Used for resilient floor tile, films, pipes, and for paint lacquers, adhesives and safety glass.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

a family of linear polyesters, is a white, substantially

amorphous, very tough and strong material with good heat resistance up to 150 deg C and excellent

dimensional stability. It is injection-molded to produce plates, rods, gears, and other shaped parts that advantageously replace die-cast metal parts. Used for skylights

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

tough plastic with good resistance to heat and chemical

action

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

refers to a family of polymers called

linear polyamides. It is desired for the following

properties: exceptionally strong, elastic, abrasion

resistant, easy to wash, resistant to damage from oil

and many chemicals, can be precolored or dyed in

wide range of colors, and resilient .

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

are a class of paraffinic polymers that have some or all of the hydrogen replaced by fluorine.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOPLASTICS

is a styrenic resin with improved toughness and heat resistance. exhibits high gloss, low shrinkage, and good dimensional stability, is widely used in injection molding of appliances, furniture, and automotive parts.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

hard, durable and dimensionally stable, these similar plastics are resistant to chemicals, electric potential, and heat. is well known for its use in molded dishes, while urea is useful for incandescent light

diffusion and for baked enamels .

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

used in buildings for its remarkable adhesive qualities. It may also be used for special paints that are chemically resistant and for special caulking

compounds.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

appear chiefly as molded electrical parts, and as the

vehicle in paints, lacquers, and enamels

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

used for paints, baked enamels, adhesives,

impregnating resins for paper and wood, and finish

hardware

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

the plastic most commonly used in large glass-fiber

reinforced translucent panels that are strong,

rigid, and impact-resistant. Also used for impregnating paper and wood, as laminating material, and for contact adhesive.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

used in paint coatings, and as foams, are self-adhesive.

EXAMPLES OF THERMOSETTING PLASTICS

used for clear, water- repellant paints for

concrete and masonry surfaces above grade .

Usually made of acrylate, polyester, or polystyrene

plastics, either plain or reinforced with glass-fiber, are

available in flat or corrugated sheets and various

deformed shapes.

As water barrier or dampproofing material, it is

generally made of polyethylene and polyvinyl and

come in thicknesses ranging from 1 to 10 mils

(0.001 to 0.01 inch) and in rolls of 50’ length and 3’

to 40’ width.

Used as flotation material, thermal insulators, and

shock-resistant mountings. Offers possibilities for

lightweight materials of high strength

is the process applied to paper or fabric

impregnated with thermosetting resins.