Redemption payments for 59 years, rights of peasants were only theoretical, many found themselves still tied to their old owners.

Redemption payments for 49 years, rights of peasants were only theoretical, many found themselves still tied to their old land.

Redemption payments for 59 years, rights of peasants were not theoretical, many found themselves still tied to their old owners.

Redemption payments for 49 years, rights of peasants were only theoretical, many found themselves still tied to their old owners.

It created an urban proletariat who helped to move Russia forward to become a more industrialized country in line with the west.

The peasants’ rights were only theoretical and they were still tied to their old owners owing to the redemption payments.

It allowed enterprising peasants to buy up land and increase output, it allowed more peasants to move to cities and landowners could use redemption payments to pay off debts.

It gave the peasants real rights and allowed them to become full citizens.

1864 church control of education given to the zemstva.

1863 private schools permitted

1865 zemstva control of education given to the church.

1870 girls allowed the same education as boys.

1860 decrease in tuition fees, introduction of a new code for secondary schools with modern gymnasia which taught ‘new’ subjects such as science and math. Number of secondary students tripled 1850- 65.

1861 decrease in tuition fees, introduction of a new code for secondary schools with modern gymnasia which taught ‘new’ subjects such as science and math. Number of secondary students doubled 1850-60.

1863 decrease in tuition fees, introduction of a new code for secondary schools with modern gymnasia which taught ‘new’ subjects such as science and math. Number of secondary students doubled 1855-65.

1863 decrease in tuition fees, introduction of a new code for secondary schools with modern gymnasia which taught ‘new’ subjects such as science and math. Number of secondary students doubled 1855-65.

Dmitri Tolstoy became minister of education in 1855 and undid many of the reforms, by 1870 the government controlled what the zemstva could do in education, university appointments and the content of the curriculum.

Dmitri Tolstoy became minister of education in 1865 and undid many of the reforms, by 1877 the government controlled what the zemstva could do in education, university appointments and the content of the curriculum.

Dmitri Tolstoy became minister of education in 1865 and undid many of the reforms, by 1887 the government controlled what the zemstva could do in education, university appointments and the content of the curriculum.

Dmitri Tolstoy became minister of education in 1865 and undid many of the reforms, by 1880 the government controlled what the zemstva could do in education, university appointments and the content of the curriculum.

Embraced glasnost and relaxed censorship laws in 1865, books published 1855-64 increased by 844.

Embraced glasnost and relaxed censorship laws in 1867, books published 1855-64 increased by 844.

Embraced glasnost and relaxed censorship laws in 1865, books by published 1855-64 increased by 244.

Embraced glasnost and relaxed censorship laws in 1885, books published 1855-64 increased by 844.

Bunge, focused policies on foreign investments, experts and real way construction. Railways would industrialize Russia as their construction would stimulate secondary industrial and connect tje country, allowing the transport of goods across the vast empire.

Reutern, focused policies on foreign investments, experts and real way construction. Railways would industrialize Russia as their construction would stimulate secondary industrial and connect tje country, allowing the transport of goods across the vast empire.

Vyshnegradsky, focused policies on foreign investments, experts and real way construction. Railways would industrialize Russia as their construction would stimulate secondary industrial and connect tje country, allowing the transport of goods across the vast empire.

Witte, focused policies on foreign investments, experts and real way construction. Railways would industrialize Russia as their construction would stimulate secondary industrial and connect tje country, allowing the transport of goods across the vast empire.

Miles of track increased from 2,200 to 14,000 during his tenure, foreign companies offered monopolies, taxation exemptions and bail outs to encourage them into Russia, leading to a great deal of corruption, by 1880 90% of railways were privately owned.

Miles of track increased from 2,200 to 10,000 during his tenure, foreign companies offered monopolies, taxation exemptions and bail outs to encourage them into Russia, leading to a great deal of corruption, by 1880 94% of railways were privately owned.

Miles of track increased from 2,200 to 14,000 during his tenure, foreign companies offered monopolies, taxation exemptions and bail outs to encourage them into Russia, leading to a great deal of corruption, by 1890 94% of railways were privately owned.

Miles of track increased from 2,200 to 14,000 during his tenure, foreign companies offered monopolies, taxation exemptions and bail outs to encourage them into Russia, leading to a great deal of corruption, by 1880 94% of railways were privately owned.

8%, quadrupled.

6%, doubled.

2%, doubled.

9%, quadrupled.

1882-87, bunge, abolished the poll tax and the salt tax and set up the peasant land bank in 1883 to allow peasants to take out low interest loans to buy up more land. Dismissed in 1887 and blamed for the fall in the value of the rouble.

1882-87, bunge, abolished the poll tax and the salt tax and set up the peasant land bank in 1885 to allow peasants to take out low interest loans to buy up more land. Dismissed in 1887 and blamed for the fall in the value of the rouble.

1880-87, bunge, abolished the poll tax and the salt tax and set up the peasant land bank in 1883 to allow peasants to take out low interest loans to buy up more land. Dismissed in 1887 and blamed for the fall in the value of the rouble.

1882-87, bunge, abolished the poll tax and the salt tax and set up the peasant land bank in 1883 to allow peasants to take out low interest loans to buy up more land. Dismissed in 1886 and blamed for the fall in the value of the rouble.

1887-91, vyshnegradsky, introduced import tariffs of 30% such as 1891’s Dmitri Mendeleev tariff- they were meant to strengthen industry at home, instead they raised the prices of consumer goods, making it impossible for peasants to buy them. Growth rate of 5% per year.

1887-91, vyshnegradsky, introduced import tariffs of 15% such as 1891’s Dmitri Mendeleev tariff- they were meant to strengthen industry at home, instead they raised the prices of consumer goods, making it impossible for peasants to buy them. Growth rate of 5% per year.

1887-91, vyshnegradsky, introduced import tariffs of 30% such as 1890’s Dmitri Mendeleev tariff- they were meant to strengthen industry at home, instead they raised the prices of consumer goods, making it impossible for peasants to buy them. Growth rate of 5% per year.

1887-91, vyshnegradsky, introduced import tariffs of 30% such as 1891’s Dmitri Mendeleev tariff- they were meant to strengthen industry at home, instead they raised the prices of consumer goods, making it impossible for peasants to buy them. Growth rate of 1% per year.

Drought, inefficient farming methods, a lack of machinery and vyshnegradsky’s policies, led to 200,000 deaths as the government was very slow to act. Set up the emergency committee for famine relief and the ministry for agriculture but this all came rather too late and the peasants were largely blamed for the famine.

Drought, inefficient farming methods, a lack of machinery and vyshnegradsky’s policies, led to 350,000 deaths as the government was very slow to act. Set up the emergency committee for famine relief and the ministry for agriculture but this all came rather too late and the peasants were largely blamed for the famine.

Vyshnegradsky’s policies they led to 350,000 deaths as the government was very slow to act. Set up the emergency committee for famine relief and the ministry for agriculture but this all came rather too late and the peasants were largely blamed for the famine.

Drought led to 350,000 deaths as the government was very slow to act. Set up the emergency committee for famine relief and the ministry for agriculture but this all came rather too late and the peasants were largely blamed for the famine.

Led to the dismissal of witte, he would be replaced by witte. It led to many once loyal peasants losing faith in the system.

Led to the dismissal of vyshnegradsky, he would be replaced by reuturn. It led to many once loyal peasants losing faith in the system.

Led to the dismissal of vyshnegradsky, he would be replaced by witte. It led to many once loyal peasants losing faith in the system.

Led to the dismissal of vyshnegradsky, he would be replaced by kokovstoy. It led to many once loyal peasants losing faith in the system.

1893- Michael von reteurn, the first minister to commit totally to industrialization, raised taxes and encouraged forign loans, invested in railway and heavy industry and pushed for state sponsored industrialization.

1893- Sergei witte, the first minister to commit totally to industrialization, raised taxes and encouraged forign loans, invested in railway and heavy industry and pushed for state sponsored industrialization.

1893- Ivan vyshnehradsky, the first minister to commit totally to industrialization, raised taxes and encouraged forign loans, invested in railway and heavy industry and pushed for state sponsored industrialization.

1890- Sergei witte, the first minister to commit totally to industrialization, raised taxes and encouraged forign loans, invested in railway and heavy industry and pushed for state sponsored industrialization.

Factory inspectors were introduced and owners were banned from employing under 18s, the power of said inspectors was so limited that factory owners continued as they had before.

Factory inspectors were introduced and owners were banned from employing under 12s, the power of said inspectors was wide ranging and they had a lot of influence.

Factory inspectors were abolished and owners were banned from employing under 12s, the power of said inspectors was so limited that factory owners continued as they had before.

Factory inspectors were introduced and owners were banned from employing under 12s, the power of said inspectors was so limited that factory owners continued as they had before.

1883 bill gave old believers the right to meet in their houses of prayer but outlawed any public promotion of their beliefs, anyone who tried to convert a member of the Orthodox Church could be executed..

1880 bill gave old believers the right to meet in their houses of prayer but outlawed any public promotion of their beliefs, anyone who tried to convert a member of the Orthodox Church could be arrested.

1883 bill gave old believers the right to meet in their houses of prayer but outlawed any public promotion of their beliefs, anyone who tried to convert a member of the Orthodox Church could be arrested.

1883 bill gave old believers the right to meet in their houses of prayer and allowed any public promotion of their beliefs, anyone who tried to convert a member of the Orthodox Church could be arrested.

The construction of the trans Siberian railway which allowed for travel from western cities to Vladivostok and stimulated other industries.

The construction of the trans moscovian railway which allowed for travel from western cities to Vladivostok and stimulated other industries.

The construction of the trans russian railway which allowed for travel from western cities to Vladivostok and stimulated other industries.

The construction of the trans vladivostok railway which allowed for travel from western cities to Vladivostok and stimulated other industries.

Neglected engineering and agriculture.

Focused too much on agriculture and industry.

Reliance on foreign loans was dangerous as they could be recalled at short notice.

Railway construction was rushed, yet by 1914 Russia still had 11x fewer miles of track then Germany.

Typhus outbreak in St. Petersburg as there wasn’t a sewage system, led to 100,000 deaths and forced the government to install one in 1911.

Cholera outbreak in St. Petersburg as there wasn’t a sewage system, led to 250,,000 deaths and forced the government to install one in 1911.

Typhus outbreak in St. Petersburg as there wasn’t a sewage system, led to 100,000 deaths and forced the government to install one in 1921.

Cholera outbreak in St. Petersburg as there wasn’t a sewage system, led to 100,000 deaths and forced the government to install one in 1911.

Peasants in the black earth regions revolted, they burned crops and damaged machinery, this led to Stolypin introduction his wager on the strong reforms.

Peasants in the Tambov regions revolted, they burned crops and damaged machinery, this led to Stolypin introduction his wager on the strong reforms.

Peasants in the urals regions revolted, they burned crops and damaged machinery, this led to Stolypin introduction his wager on the strong reforms.

Peasants in the red earth regions revolted, they burned crops and damaged machinery, this led to Stolypin introduction his wager on the strong reforms.

1908- unused land made available for peasants to buy on the land bank and peasants were able to consolidate their strips into small holdings.

1907- unused homes made available for peasants to buy on the home bank and peasants were able to consolidate their strips into small holdings.

1907- unused land made available for peasants to buy on the land bank and peasants were able to consolidate their strips into small holdings.

1900-unused land made available for peasants to rent on the land bank and peasants were able to consolidate their strips into small holdings.

Led to a richer class of peasants, but this did not mean support for the tsar. Over 75% consolidated their strips and by 1914 2 million had left the village commune- this would later lead to labor shortages.

Led to a poorer class of peasants, but this did not mean support for the tsar. Only 20% consolidated their strips and by 1914 2 million had left the village commune- this would later lead to labor shortages.

Led to a richer class of peasants, but this did not mean support for the tsar. Only 20% consolidated their strips and by 1914 2 million had left the village commune- this would later lead to labor shortages.

Led to a richer class of peasants, but this did not mean support for the tsar. Only 39% consolidated their strips and by 1914 22 million had left the village commune- this would later lead to labor shortages.

Doubled spending on agriculture and quadrupled the number of primary schools.

Doubled spending on agriculture and halved the number of primary schools.

Halved spending on agriculture and doubled the number of primary schools.

Doubled spending on agriculture and doubled the number of primary schools.

1903- introduction of a worker’s holiday system. 1914- working day had decreased from 11 hours to 9 hours with statutory holidays, but pay remained low.

1913- introduction of a worker’s insurance system. 1914- working day had decreased from 11 hours to 9 hours with statutory holidays, but pay remained low.

1903- introduction of a worker’s insurance system. 1914- working day had decreased from 11 hours to 9 hours with statutory holidays, but pay remained low.

1903- introduction of a worker’s insurance system. 1914- working day had decreased from 10 hours to 7 hours with statutory holidays, but pay remained low.

1905- allowed Jews to convert to Christian faiths, reversed this in 1910 and began to restrict the rights of non orthodox groups.

1907- allowed orthodox Christians to convert to other Christian faiths, reversed this in 1913 and began to restrict the rights of non orthodox groups.

1905- allowed orthodox Christians to convert to other Christian faiths, reversed this in 1910 and began to restrict the rights of non orthodox groups.

1905- allowed orthodox Christians to convert to Jewish faiths, reversed this in 1910 and began to restrict the rights of non orthodox groups.

It consisted of land requisitioning, the full militarization of labor and the nationalization of smaller enterprises, harsh measures were justified as they were ‘necessary’ to help the government through the crisis of the war.

It consisted of rye requisitioning, the partial militarization of labor and the nationalization of larger enterprises, harsh measures were justified as they were ‘necessary’ to help the government through the issue of the scissors crisis.

It consisted of peasant requisitioning, the total militarization of labor and the nationalization of larger enterprises, harsh measures were justified as they were ‘necessary’ to help the government through the crisis of the war.

It consisted of grain requisitioning, the partial militarization of labor and the nationalization of larger enterprises, harsh measures were justified as they were ‘necessary’ to help the government through the crisis of the war.

Ended requisitioning and allowed peasants to sell surplus grain.

Removed restrictions on private trade and encouraged foreign trade.

Requisitioned grain from the peasants and nationalized all small scale industry.

Denationalized small scale industry and introduced trusts to help with state control of heavy industry.

A more moderate form of the secret police known as the KGB, they were far more regulated.

A new secret police called the NKVD who had more powers then ever.

An undeveloped social insurance system with no maternity pay, no benefits for the disabled and no sickness benefits.

A developed social insurance system with maternity pay, benefits for the disabled and sickness benefits.

Bolsheviks wanted to show they were the party of the peasants so introduced the 8 hour working day and brought in laws to improve conditions. However, fines were put in place for large wrongdoings and workers found themselves accused of wrecking and sabotage if they were thought to be counterrevolutionary.

Mensheviks wanted to show they were the party of the workers so introduced the 8 hour working day and brought in laws to improve conditions. However, fines were put in place for petty wrongdoings and workers found themselves accused of wrecking and sabotage if they were thought to be counterrevolutionary.

Bolsheviks wanted to show they were the party of the workers so introduced the 6 hour working day and brought in laws to worsen conditions. However, fines were put in place for petty wrongdoings and workers found themselves accused of wrecking and sabotage if they were thought to be counterrevolutionary.

Bolsheviks wanted to show they were the party of the workers so introduced the 8 hour working day and brought in laws to improve conditions. However, fines were put in place for petty wrongdoings and workers found themselves accused of wrecking and sabotage if they were thought to be counterrevolutionary.

Under war communism they were praised for growing the most grain to help to feed the cities.

Their situation improved under the NEP as there were more of them and they were seen as useful but they were still forced to pay higher taxes and were blamed for any shortages.

Under war communism they were blamed for shortages, had their crops confiscated, were denounced and persecuted and were seen as useful scapegoats for failed policies.

Their situation worsened under the NEP as there were less of them and they were seen as useless so they were still forced to pay higher taxes and were blamed for any shortages.

Collectivization

Communism

Collection

Continuation

1918- education taken from the church and given to the soviets, gymnasia replaced with polytechnics which focused on skills for particular types of work.

1918- education taken from the church and given to the zemstva, gymnasia replaced with polytechnics which focused on skills for particular types of work.

1922- education taken from the church and given to the soviets, gymnasia replaced with polytechnics which focused on skills for particular types of work.

1922- education taken from the church and given to the zemstva, gymnasia replaced with polytechnics which focused on skills for particular types of work.

Under the decree of separation of the church and state the church was restricted, but were permitted to stay open and keep their property.

Under the decree of separation of the church and state the church had its powers increased and became a major part of the government.

Under the decree of separation of the church and state the church was severely restricted, they had their property confiscated and many were closed down.

Houses were taken from the richer classes and given to peasants to live in.

Houses were taken from the poorer classes and given to workers to live in.

Houses were taken from the richer classes and given to workers to live in.

1927-30, 1930-35, 1936-41, 1947-53, 1953.58.

1928-32, 1933-37, 1938-41, 1946-50, 1951-55

Were introduced to transform the ussr into an industrial economy and create a socialist society, this would protect it from external threats. They focused on ending private business and focusing everything in the state on fulfilling the plan, they set ambitious targets such as a 250% increase in output.

Were introduced to transform the ussr into an agricultural economy and create a capitalist society, this would protect it from external threats. They focused on supporting private business and focusing everything in the state on fulfilling the plan, they set ambitious targets such as a 25% increase in output.

Saw a colossal decrease in coal, steel and electrical output and allowed the ussr to survive the german invasion, they decreased industrial workers and saw the least productive workers rewarded with better pay and houses.

Pay was high and safety good, workers’ movements were encouraged, absence was a criminal offense and there was a shortage in consumer goods and a lot of investment in agriculture.

Pay was low and safety non existent, workers’ movements were restricted, absence was a criminal offense and there was a shortage in consumer goods and a lack of investment in agriculture.

Saw a colossal increase in coal, steel and electrical output and allowed the ussr to survive the german invasion, they increased industrial workers and saw the most productive workers rewarded with better pay and houses.

By force, the NKVD was sent to the countryside from the beginning and took grain from the peasants.

Voluntarily, Stalin kept up this policy as he did not want to cause too much disruption to the lives of the peasants.

Voluntarily, but very soon peasants were forced onto collectives, de kulakization squads were sent into the countryside to forcibly impose collectivization and take grain from the reluctant peasants.

It brought socialism to the cities and allowed the state to control the peasants and grain and increased the number of industrial workers.

It brought capitalism to the countryside and allowed the state to control the peasants and grain and increased the number of industrial workers.

It brought socialism to the countryside and allowed the state to control the peasants and grain and increased the number of industrial workers.

It brought capitalism to the cities and allowed the state to control the peasants and grain and increased the number of industrial workers.

They were treated the same as men and stereotypes were abandoned, with women given equal pay and opportunities.

Traditional gender roles were imposed, they were fired from factory work and banned from being farmers, instead they were encouraged to be wives and mothers.

Traditional gender roles were reimposed, there was an emphasis on large families with women rewarded for having more children. Abortion was made illegal again and divorce was made harder. Women were expected to work full time and raise a family, 10 million entered the workforce under the 5YPs.

Wanted to modernize soviet agriculture, improve efficiency and make the Soviet union self sufficient.

Wanted to modernize soviet agriculture, decrease efficiency and make the Soviet union self sufficient.

Wanted to modernize soviet agriculture, improve efficiency and make the USA self sufficient.

1956 scheme to farm the unused areas of Siberia and Kazakhstan, short term success but soon led to soil exhaustion and unpredictable harvests as soil erosion set it.

1955 scheme to farm the unused areas of Siberia and Kazakhstan, short term success but soon led to soil exhaustion and unpredictable harvests as soil erosion set it.

1954 scheme to farm the unused areas of Siberia and Kazakhstan, short term success but soon led to soil exhaustion and unpredictable harvests as soil erosion set it.

1957 scheme to farm the unused areas of Siberia and Kazakhstan, short term success but soon led to soil exhaustion and unpredictable harvests as soil erosion set it.

The two year plan which emphasized light industry but also looked to develop chemicals and plastics. To enforce the plan he decentralized the system and set up regional soznarkhozy councils to oversee economic development.

The four year plan which emphasized heavy industry but also looked to develop chemicals and plastics. To enforce the plan he centralized the system and set up regional soznarkhozy councils to oversee economic development.

The seven year plan which emphasized heavy industry but also looked to develop chemicals and plastics. To enforce the plan he decentralized the system and set up regional soznarkhozy councils to oversee economic development.

Made many party bureaucrats unhappy and reduced bureaucracy as the lack of communication between the soznarkhozy led to the proper usage of resources.

Made many party bureaucrats happy and created more bureaucracy as the lack of communication between the soznarkhozy led to confusion and the misuse of resources.

Made many party bureaucrats unhappy and created more bureaucracy as the lack of communication between the soznarkhozy led to confusion and the misuse of resources.

Doubled welfare spending in 19 years and quadrupled spending on pensions. 1960 he introduced free lunches for school, factory and office workers, introduced free public transport and healthcare for farmers.

Doubled welfare spending in 9 years and quadrupled spending on pensions. 1961 he introduced free lunches for school, factory and office workers, introduced free public transport and healthcare for farmers.

Doubled welfare spending in 11 years and quadrupled spending on pensions. 1959 he introduced free lunches for school, factory and office workers, introduced free public transport and healthcare for farmers.

Doubled welfare spending in 7 years and quadrupled spending on pensions. 1963 he introduced free lunches for school, factory and office workers, introduced free public transport and healthcare for farmers.

Lenin

Khrushchev

Alexander III

Alexander II

Abortion was legalized in 1952, paid maternity leave was increased from 77 to 110 days in 1954 and more crèches and childcare facilities were made available. However, contraception was not readily available and crèche hours stopped women from having full working lives.

Abortion was legalized in 1955, paid maternity leave was increased from 77 to 100 days in 1952 and more crèches and childcare facilities were made available. However, contraception was not readily available and crèche hours stopped women from having full working lives.

Abortion was legalized in 1965, paid maternity leave was increased from 77 to 112 days in 1956 and more crèches and childcare facilities were made available. However, contraception was not readily available and crèche hours stopped women from having full working lives.

Abortion was legalized in 1955, paid maternity leave was increased from 77 to 112 days in 1956 and more crèches and childcare facilities were made available. However, contraception was not readily available and crèche hours stopped women from having full working lives.

Imposed cumpolsory basic education for 6 years, set up secondary general and polytechnic schools with produce Timon training and an emphasis on science in higher education with the introduction of quantum physics, genetics and relativity.

Imposed cumpolsory basic education for 3 years, set up secondary general and polytechnic schools with produce Timon training and an emphasis on science in higher education with the introduction of quantum physics, genetics and relativity.

Imposed cumpolsory basic education for 8 years, set up secondary general and polytechnic schools with produce Timon training and an emphasis on science in higher education with the introduction of quantum physics, genetics and relativity.

Imposed cumpolsory basic education for 12 years, set up secondary general and polytechnic schools with produce Timon training and an emphasis on science in higher education with the introduction of quantum physics, genetics and relativity.