the blood that is returned to the right atrium is?

also known as the heart's pacemaker

refers to the movement of specific electrolytes into and out of peacemaker cells that spread to nearby cells

is caused by the slow influx of sodium ions till the threshold is reached

the heart is enclosed in what specific sac?

it serves as a barrier between cardiac muscles and the bloodstream and contains necessary blood vessels, it is also the heart's innermost layer?

is known as the muscular layer of the heart, which contracts and releases involuntarily, and is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood around the body.

the outermost layer of the heart which provides signals for proper heart formation and maturation within the embryo and secreting factors that are important for the proliferation and survival of cardiomyocytes

there are _ layers of the heart

known as thrombocytes, they also help in the process of blood that is clotting

also known as leukocytes, they are the vanguard that protect the body from infection

is the liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. It constitutes more than half of the blood's volume and consists mostly of water that contains dissolved salts (electrolytes) and proteins

is the liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are suspended. It constitutes more than half of the blood's volume and consists mostly of water that contains dissolved salts (electrolytes) and proteins

how many chambers are in a heart?

this system transports nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

deoxygenated blood is passed through the _________ to be pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide

the _____ _______ receives the newly oxygenated blood from the lungs and the pulmonary vein

choose the correct pattern where blood is circulated through the heart

1. right atrium

2. left ventricle

3. right ventricle

4. left atrium

this type of circulation provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. It begins near the origin of the aorta by two coronary arteries: the right coronary artery and the left coronary artery.

supplies blood to the tissue of the larger airways of the lung.

this circulation focuses on the lungs where oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

this cycle refers to the sequence of events in which the heart contracts and relaxes with every heartbeat.

also known as the relaxation period of the heart where the ventricles refills with blood as they relax

also known as the contraction period of the heart where the ventricles contract as they force the blood out of the aorta and main pulmonary artery

is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole or before contaction

the ability of the ventricles to stretch.

resistance against which the ventricle pump

  is due to a slow influx of sodium ions until the threshold is reached, followed by a rapid depolarization and repolarization.

refers to when the sinoatrial cells are resting, they have a negative charge on their membranes.

All the ions travel through ion channels in the membrane of the sinoatrial cells. The potassium and calcium start to move out of and into the cell only once it has a sufficiently high charge which is termed as?

a process allowing the muscle cells of the ventricles to regain their ability to depolarize again.

often therapy for cardiovascular disorder to correct the congenital concerns.

blue tinge to the skin or mucous which occur if a shunt allowing deoxygenated blood to enter the arterial system.

which is not a factor influencing the size and shape of the pelvis:

as excessive androgen may produce (_____) pelvis.

which is not an example of catecholamines

Catecholamines help the body respond to stress or fright and prepare the body for ______ reactions

this used to be called adrenaline

this is also called noradrenaline

The sympathetic system release epinephrine as the parasympathetic releases what to counteract sympathetic reactions??

which component of labor does maternal psychological status refer to?

refers to a fetus with a fetal part other than the head engaging the maternal pelvis.

occurs when the occiput of fetuses who are in vertex presentation is rotated so that it is not oriented anteriorly in the maternal pelvis.

refers to a malpresentation at childbirth where the baby is in a transverse lie (its vertebral column is perpendicular to that of the mother)

known as the "crown of the head" which indicates that the crown of the head is presenting towards the cervix.

is a fetal presentation in which an extremity presents alongside the part of the fetus closest to the birth canal.

A fetal position during delivery in which the frontal part of the skull including the forehead and the top of the head is first to descend into the birth canal.

the fetal head and neck are hyperextended, causing the occiput to come in contact with the upper back of the fetus while lying in a longitudinal axis. Edema and bruising of the face, eyes, and lips are common occurrences; prepare the client for this possibility before seeing the infant for the first time

The fetal forehead is the presenting part and 50% convert to vertex or face presentation where The presenting diameter is mento-vertical which is 13.5cm

occurs when the baby's buttocks or feet or both are in place to come out first during birth. this presentation is often determined by fetal ultrasound at the end of pregnancy.

is the first form of fluid that is released by the mammary glands after giving birth. It's nutrient-dense and high in antibodies and antioxidants to build a newborn baby's immune system.

what type of breech presentation is it called when the sacrum is the presenting part, knees flexed and both of the baby's knees are bent and his feet and bottom are closest to the birth canal.

the sacrum is the presenting part, the baby's bottom is down, but his legs are straight up with his feet near his head or extended. this is the most common breech presentation

one or both feet are presenting downward, increasing the risk of umbilical cord prolapse and will deliver before the rest of their body.

this maneuver is the sweeping/external rotation of each thigh combined with rotating the pelvis in the opposite direction resulting in the flexion of the knee and the delivery of each leg.

– hyperflex maternal hips (knees to chest position) and tell the patient to stop pushing. This widens the pelvic outlet by flattening the sacral promontory and increasing the lumbosacral angle.

which is performed by placing the index and middle fingers over the maxillary prominence on either side of the nose.

rotation of the trunk of the fetus during a breech birth to facilitate delivery of the arms and the shoulders

reveal ventricle enlargement if the shunt is large as well as check your heart's rhythm and electrical activity. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signals produced by your heart each time it beats.

patent ductus measures the speed and direction of the blood flow within the heart. It screens the four valves for leaks and other abnormalities.

is used to study the various functions of the heart or to obtain diagnostic information about the heart or its vessels and rule out any associate disorder.

an imaging test that uses X-rays to look at the structures and organs in your chest.

a type of medical test that combines a CT scan with an injection of a special dye to produce pictures of blood vessels and tissues in a part of your body.

is a condition that affects bone development in children. It causes bone pain, poor growth, and soft, weak bones that can lead to bone deformities. 

refers to a marked softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency. 

pharmacologic agents that suppress or stop uterine contraction

a hormone produced by the ovary and the placenta with important effects on the female reproductive system and during pregnancy. In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix. 

a hormone produced by the ovary and the placenta with important effects on the female reproductive system and during pregnancy. In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix. 

-  is an incision made in the perineum (the tissue between the vaginal opening and the anus during childbirth

an emergency procedure instituted during labor to treat fetal distress by stopping uterine contractions with a tocolytic agent and allowing the restoration of maternal-fetal circulation so that the fetus can recover from distress

delivery of the fetus through an abdominal incision

stimulating uterine contractions by pharmacologic means to hasten labor and delivery

 is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.

artificial breaking of the amniotic sac to hasten labor

is a technique used by doctors to free a baby from the birth canal in cases of shoulder dystocia. The doctor's hand is placed behind the non-impacted shoulder of the baby. The shoulder is rotated in a twist maneuver until the impacted shoulder is released.

Rolling the patient onto her hands and knees, known as the all-fours, is a safe, rapid, and effective technique for the reduction of shoulder dystocia.

occurs when a baby's head or body is too large to fit through the mother's pelvis

recognized when the fetal head is delivered onto the perineum but appears to be pulled back tightly against the perineum

          Anterior-posterior diameter less than 10 centimeters; transverse diameter less than 12 centimeters. Makes engagement difficult, Influences fetal position and presentation

interspinous diameter less than 9.5cm, this type of pelvic shape hampers internal rotation of the fetal head and Secondary arrest of dilatation or arrest in the descent of the fetal head occurs

          interischial tuberous diameter less than 8 cm.