comes from Retinol (animal sources) and Carotenoids (plant sources)

Green and yellow leafy veggies, liver, milk, cheese, orange fruits, eggs are it's food sources

toxicities may include Xerophthalmia (night blindness), follicular hyperkeratosis, carotenemia, liver damage, headache, vomiting, vision problems, hair loss, constipation, loss of appetite, sleep disorder

sources come from Calciferol

Needed for proper absorption of Calcium, Stored in bones

Egg yolks, liver, fatty fish, fortified milk, fortified margarine. When exposed to the sunlight, the skin can make this vitamin

comes from Tocoperol

Tetany, rickets, delayed closing of fontanels, osteomalacia, hypercalcemia, renal damage, uremia, bone demineralization can be caused by the lack or excess of this vitamin

Help form red blood cells, muscle, and other tissues, antioxidant

RBC hemolysis

sources are Whole grain, bread, dry beans, nuts, vegetable oils, margarine, liver

Phylloquinone, Menadione

comes from Cabbage, spinach, lettuce, green leafy vegetables

Newborn: hemorrhagic disease Adults: delayed blood clot, kernicterus, hemolysis

Helps in blood clot

Ascorbic Acid

Antioxidant part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism Important for immune system health, aids in iron absorption, helps heal wounds Maintain bones, teeth and blood vessels healthy

Found only in fruits and vegetables, especially citrus fruits, and vegetables in the cabbage family

Scurvy, low immune system, pallor, weakness, irritability

also known as thiamine

also known as pantothenic acid

also known as niacin

also known as cobalamin

also known as riboflavin

Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism Important for normal vision and skin health

Milk and milk products, leafy green veggies, whole grain, enriches breads and cereals

Tissue changes (eyes, mouth, nose, tongue)

is essential for the normal metabolism and growth of all cells, especially those in the GI tract, bone marrow, and nervous tissue.

Along with folic acid, choline, and methionine, cobalamin aids in the transfer of methyl groups in the synthesis of nucleic acids, purines, and pyrimidine intermediates.

Along with folic acid, choline, and methionine, cobalamin aids in the transfer of methyl groups in the synthesis of nucleic acids, purines, and pyrimidine intermediates.

it is involved in myelin formation, it is also essential for carbohydrates, protein, and fat metabolism, and is associated with folic acid absorption and metabolism

about 70% of the vitamin activity is retained during cooking, animal proteins contain significant amounts of B12 while plant sources have practically nothing

Demyelination of the large nerve fibers of the spinal cord, and Pernicious Anemia are some examples of the deficiency of the lack of this vitamin

it serves as a coenzyme factor in CO2 fixation. Together with active acetate, it helps in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, fatty acids, and carboxylation reactions.

stable in heat, soluble in water and alcohol, and susceptible to oxidation,alkali, and strong acids

the very minute amount of _____ needed for physiology makes it difficult to determine the requirements. It is suggested that 150 to 300 micrograms a day are ample

Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism Importance for nervous system, digestive system, and skin health

Meat, poultry, fish, whole-grain or enriched bread and cereals, veggies (mushrooms, asparagus, and leafy green), peanut butter

Pellagra, skin changes, anorexia, digestive problems, respiratory center paralysis are caused by the deficiency or too much of this vitamin

Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism

Widespread in foods

Insomnia, muscle cramps, vomiting, tingling sensation of the extremities

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Water Soluble Vitamins

Stored in the body. Excessive amounts can

have toxic effects.

Chemical composition has nitrogen, carried by lipid

Requires bile for absorption, excess amounts are stored in the

body tissues.

Not stored in the body. Excessive

amounts can cause undesirable signs and

symptoms but not as serious as compared to the other type of vitamins

Excreted by the kidneys

Which are the characteristics of Fat Soluble Vitamins?

1. Generally have precursors or provitamins

2 Not absolutely needed daily from food sources

3. Not stored in the body

4. Must be supplied every day in the diet

5. Deficiency syndrome develops faster

6. Destroyed in ordinary cooking

7. Deficiencies are slow to develop

8. No precursor or provitamins

9. Generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods

Which are the characteristics of Water Soluble Vitamins?

1. Generally have precursors or provitamins

2 Not absolutely needed daily from food sources

3. Not stored in the body

4. Must be supplied every day in the diet

5. Deficiency syndrome develops faster

6. Destroyed in ordinary cooking

7. Deficiencies are slow to develop

8. No precursor or provitamins

9. Generally stable, especially in ordinary cooking methods

34% OF HUMAN ENERGY

has CHO and glyceride skeleton

-most vital to life for bodily functions/processes

-most essential nutrient next to oxygen

-may die after 5-2week w/o this nutrient

-60-70% of the ABW (adult body weight)

-80% of infant weight

10% loss of this nutrient will already result in illness

- 20% loss may cause death

-provides form and structure to body tissues

45L in an adult body; 30L inside cells, 15L

outside cells

Match the Ff based on the amount the body has:

1. 45 Liters

2. 30 Liters

3. 15 Liters

how much water weight by percentage does the baby have?

how much water percentage loss will cause death?

how much water percent loss will cause illness?

how much water weigh by percentage does the normal adult have?

the body can survive how many days without food? and how many days without water?

Water content percentage of Kidney?

Water content percentage of muscle?

Water content percentage of skin and liver?

Water content percentage of bone?

Water content percentage of fat?

which of the following are The functions of Water :

1) Acts as a solvent; necessary for most

chemical process; building material; regulator

2) Transports nutrients and other substances

3) Lubricates and protects moving parts of the body

4) Lubricates foods and aids in digestion (saliva)

5) Regulates body temperature

6) gives energy

7) provides body-building nutrients

Intracellular Fluid contains what percentage of total body weight by water?

Extracellular Fluid contains what percentage of total body weight by water?

Plasma contains what percentage of total body weight by water?

water percentage distributed in

i. Surrounding cells and bathing the tissue

ii. Dense tissue bone

iii. Water moving in various tissue secretions

An ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone) that controls the amount of water that the kidney reabsorbs as it filters out waste from the blood

Vasopressin is created by?

Water output is controlled by?

Total Body Water Weight of Adult Male?

Total Body Water Weight of Adult Female?

Mostly Made of Water

Water increase intake is necessary when?

why do we need to increase our water intake when there is high protein intake?

does not produce energy, noncalorific, serves as a building material and solvent, and a regulator of our body processes

Forms Saliva, Amniotic Fluid, Cerebrospinal Fluid

Water Balance Requirements, our body is supplied in these sources

liquids + water from food

More water is lost when there are

abnormal conditions such as:

More water is lost when there are

abnormal conditions such as:

During pregnancy water intake is important because:

10% total body water

lost.

Fatal when 20-22% fluid loss

occurs.

Especially critical for babies

80% water.

High environmental

temp = signals body to intake water

= loss sodium = imbalance

electrolytes.

Muscle cramps, weakness. Remedy: Provide sodium

in small amounts with foods.

caused by TOO

MUCH IV, water log and inorexia,

vomiting.

Normal Conditions where water leaves our boy

Abnormal conditions where water leaves our boy

at this age, it is assumed that water comes from breastfeeding or human milk: 3 cups (0.7L)

at this age, it is assumed that water comes from complementary foods and human milk: 3 cups (0.7L)

5.5 cups (1.3L) of water in total water and 4 cups (0.9) only in beverage (only water) at this age

7.5 cups (1.3L) of water in total water and 5 cups (1.2L) only in beverage (only water) at this age

10.5 cups (3.4L) of water in total water and 8 cups (1.8L) only in the beverage (only water) for males at this age

9 cups (2.1 L) of water in total water and 7 cups (1.6L) only in the beverage (only water) for females at this age

14 cups (3.3 L) of water in total water and 11 cups (2.6L) only in the beverage (only water) for males at this age

10 cups (2.3 L) of water in total water and 8 cups (1.8L) only in the beverage (only water) for females at this age

16 cups (3.7 L) of water in total water and 13 cups (3L) only in the beverage (only water) for males at this age

11 cups (2.7 L) of water in total water and 9 cups (2.2L) only in the beverage (only water) for females at this age

S/s (signs and symptoms) of mild-moderate dehydration

S/s (signs and symptoms) of severe dehydration

S/s (signs and symptoms) of severe dehydration

S/s (signs and symptoms) of mid to moderate dehydration

provides more concentrated source of energy

protects organs, nerves,

cushions them from shock

Simple Lipids, Compound Lipids, and Derived Lipids are 3 classifications of this nutrient

Neutral Fats

Organic compounds that react with water to produce organic and inorganic acid

this substance is made up of 3 molecules of fatty acids and 1 molecule of glycerol

type of alcohol, derivative of water-soluble form of carbohydrate

nutrient found in many foods, your brain, and nervous system need it to regulate, memory, mood, muscle control, and other functions, it is also used to form the membranes that surround body cells, it is also made in the liver.

also known as thrombokinase, a complex found specifically in platelets (thrombocytes). It is a mixture of tissue factors and phospholipids present in plasma assisting the blood to coagulate, achieved through catalysis of converting prothrombin to thrombin

Waxes is an example of?

A phospholipid is an example of what classification of lipid?

A glycolipid is an example of what classification of lipid?

A lipoprotein is an example of what classification of lipid?

A fatty acid is an example of what classification of lipid?

A glycerol is an example of what classification of lipid?

A Steroids is an example of what classification of lipid?

esters (reacts with water to produce alcohol) of fatty acids with higher molecular weight alcohol

type of simple lipid, cholesterol (1___) found in the blood, brain, and nervous system. Precursor in bile acid and steroid hormones. Our body synthesizes 1 gram of cholesterol per day

fatty acids in combination with phosphoric acid and nitrogenous bases, has the unique ability to dissolve in water and fat, this helps in the transport of nutrients and substances in and out of our cells

Acts as emulsifier agent, which means that keeps fat suspended in the blood and fluids of the body.

fatty acids combined with carbs and nitrogenous base

lipids + proteins, Formed in liver

Insoluble in water, Contains cholesterol

neutral, fat, acid

simple derivatives from fat digestion or other complex products, fat substances produced from fats, and fat compounds during metabolism

combination of fats

various combinations of fat with another component, there are three types of this lipid: phospholipids, glycolipids, and lipoproteins.

a type of phospholipid widely distributed among phospholipids. Traces are placed in the liver, egg yolk, and raw vegetables; have a triglyceride that contains choline

a type of phospholipid that is added to food products: cheese, margarine

a type of phospholipid needed to form thromboplastin (blood clotting process)

type of phospholipid that is found in the brain and nerve tissue as a component of the myelin sheath. Component of the myelin sheath

components of nerve tissue and certain cell membranes - transport

carbohydrate components of this glycolipid is galactose

type of glycolipid that is the component is certain glucose and galactose and amino sugar contained by complex compound.

type of glycolipid that is enriched in cell membranes microdomains (lipid rafts), and plays important modulation of membrane proteins and ion channels, in cell signally and in the communication of cells.

specific subdomains in cellular membranes that are enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids containing saturated acyl chains

insulating layer or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain or spinal cord

type of derived lipid that is the fuel forms of fat that the cell burn for energy (saturated, monosaturated, polyunsaturated)

type of derived lipid that is the basic structural unit of fat.

Water soluble component of triglycerides and is inconvertible with carbohydrates. After it is broken off in digestion, it is available for the formation of glucose in the diet. 10% of fat

during digestion, fats are broken down into fatty acids and ____ and It comes out as 10% of the fat

Cortisone and Sex hormones, and cell membrane synthesis, Found in all body

tissues

a type of derived lipid that is a member of this group is cholesterol. Found in all body tissues, Hormones made up of cholesterol

in large amounts in animal fats: pork, beef, lamb, and poultry. Fats that are solid at room temperature. bad kind of fat that blocks our blood vessels

type of fatty acid that is found in canola, avocado, chicken fat, and olive oil. Healthier fat. A.K.A. Omega 9 fatty acids = effective in lowering cholesterol that blocks our blood vessels

intake of this kind of fatty acids is correlated or associated with lower cholesterol levels

fat; found primarily in fruits and vegetables, plant oils: sunflower, soybean, safflower oils. Highly recommended to use for cooking. Lower blood cholesterol when sat fats are replaced

hydrogen is added to oil molecules to solidify and extend shelf life. also known as the worst kind of fat

linked to conditions such as insulin resistance, heart disease, elevated blood cholesterol levels

found in margarine, shortenings, crackers, cookies, snack foods, and other baked and fried items such as potato chips and french fries

it elevates our bad cholesterol (LDL) or our low-density lipoprotein and lowers our good cholesterol (HDL) or our high-density lipoprotein

both of these type of fatty acids are bad for our health as they both elevated our bad cholesterol or our (LDL) low-density lipoprotein

recommended to consume more of this type of lipid that comes from vegetables, marine sources, like marine and liver oil, salmon, mackerel and sardines as well as crab, shrimp, and oysters

Functions to prevent heart disease and a certain types of cancers, Associated to lower risk for heart disease

A natural part of fish and fish oils, Plant source omega 3 (alpha-linolenic acid) such as Soybean oil, canola oil, walnuts, flaxseeds

choose all that are functions of fats:

Visible Fat

Invisible Fat

Invisible Fat

visible Fat

not synthesized by our body so it must be supplied in the diet, we do not manufacture this fatty acid.

Primary member in omega 6 families, Found in vegetable oil (cottonseed, poultry fats corn, safflower oil, soybean, etc.)

Primary member of the Omega 3 family found in canola oil, flax seed, walnut, soybean and nuts

fat not burned for energy will be stored in the body and will be stored as lipo or fat resulting in this toxicity

this toxicity is not instigated by Lipids, but when this toxicity is present in the body, it is promoted by Lipids

elevated cholesterol levels which is a major risk factor for diseases related to this toxicity

elevated blood cholesterol levels when this type of fat is consumed

healthier lipids: olive oil

lower blood chol and heart diseases.

accessory food factors, from a balanced diet.

The word _____ originated from

Casimir Funk in 1912.

Destroyed by heat, light, and exposure to air. Mixability (compound if stable if metabolized)

serves as a catalyst, Essential for the release of energy within the body, supports tissue building, Controlling the body’s use of food

Can cause fatigue, and long-term deterioration of body function. Toxicity if taken in megadoses especially fat-soluble _____ that are stored in the body

too much or too little vitamins

excessive accumulation of vitamins/vitamin toxicity

condition resulting to

lack of vitamin (lack of vitamin A =

night blindness xerophthalmia, Vit C

= scurvy)

naturally occurring vitamins; ready for biological use.Can be found on animal products

turn into active vitamin form once under metabolized (plant-based foods)

present in

larger amounts and partially

synthesized by the body; same

phys(lociptol, lubiconol, lipoic acid)

substances that interfere with the normal function of vitamins.