Extra whooshing or swishing sounds heard by a stethoscope during a heartbeat. It is caused by one of the heart valves not closing properly.

An incomplete closing of the mitral valve. In this disorder the blood will flow backwards through the valve into the left atrium

The sensation of rapid heartbeats

Inflammation of the pericardial sac that surrounds your heart.

Inflammation of the myocardium, the middle layer of the heart. Symptoms are similar to those of pericarditis.

An abnormal ballooning of a blood vessel. Usually due to a weakness in the wall of the vessel.

A hardening of the arteries due to plaque hardening

Commonly referred to as "chest pains", the heart is receiving an insufficient amount of blood during stressful situations or exercise

A lack of blood flow to the heart

Commonly known as a heart attack, this is tissue death that occurs in a segment of heart muscle from blockage of a coronary artery

Another word for high blood pressure. It occurs when the force of the blood against the arterial wall remains elevated for a period of time.

A condition caused by the narrowing of the arteries in the legs. Usually results from a lack of blood flow to calf, feet and thighs.

A cerebral vascular accident, is a medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to the brain stops.

A temporary lack of blood flow to the brain. In this case most of the symptoms can disappear within 1 to 2 hours. However, medial attention is recommended afterwards.

What is Heart Failure?

What causes Heart Failure?

In heart failure, heart chambers get larger, salt & water retention increases and cardiac muscle mass increases over time making the walls thicker. What is this called?

Acute heart failure (sudden and abrupt) can be caused by ......

Narrowing of a valve opening in the heart, which impedes blood flow, is called...

Ischaemic heart disease is usually caused by....

Precipitating factors for angina pectoris include (tick all that apply)....

myocardial infarction is caused when a branch of the coronary artery is blocked, usually by an atheromatous plaque or thrombosis. Swift treatment with clot-dissolving drugs is essential as complications include....(tick all that apply)

Inflammation and infection of the endocardium (possibly on or near heart valves) caused by bacteriaemia, depressed immune response and heart abnormalities.

Normal sinus rhythm below 60 bpm. Occurs during sleep, and in athletes, but is abnormal following MI or when accompanied by intracranial pressure.

Normal sinus rhythm above 100bpm at rest. Occurs during exercise and anxiety, but is an indicator of fever, hyperthyroidism and some cardiac conditions.

No electrical activity in the heart, no cardiac output.

Contraction of cardiac muscle in disorderly and uncoordinated sequence.

Patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, coarctation of the aorta and Fallot's tetralogy are all...

Hypertension is used to describe a level of blood pressure which would benefit the patient if reduced. BP readings where systolic/diastolic values are below 130/85 mmHg are considered....

Hypertension is used to describe a level of blood pressure which would benefit the patient if reduced. BP readings where systolic/diastolic values are >180/>110mmHg are considered....

MODERATE hypertension would give a systolic reading of .......

Risk factors for hypertension include...(tick all that apply)

There is a well documented link between low birth weight and hypertension in later life.

Secondary hypertension results from other diseases/conditions and accounts for approx 5% of cases. Some causes of this could be.... (check the FALSE answer)

Hypertension predisposes to the following complications

Stress can increase BP

The capillaries in the retina are particularly susceptible to the effects of high BP - this can be clearly seen during a routine eye examination with an ophthalmoscope and can lead to loss of vision. It is often the first sign of high BP in an otherwise asymptomatic patient.

This is called .....

Hypertension can be classified as essential (primary, idiopathic) or secondary (to other diseases). Which is the most common, accounting for 95% of all cases?

A characteristic combination of FOUR congenital cardiac abnormalities causing cyanosis, growth retardation and exercise intolerance in babies and young children.

Commonly called a "hole in the heart" - arises when the foramen ovale between the two sides of the heart does not close (as it should do) after birth of a baby.

Which ECG shows atrial fibrillation? Trace (a) shows normal sinus rhythm.

Which ECG shows ventricular fibrillation? Trace (a) shows normal sinus rhythm.

Which hormone is secreted in early pregnancy (peaking at around 8-9 weeks), stimulating the corpus lute to produce hormones which prevent menstruation and sustain pregnancy early on?

A teratogen is a substance causing abnormal foetal development. Which of the following are teratogenic?

Where would you find the radial, ulnar and basilica veins?