Without a thorough understanding of ___ cosmetologist could damage hair cause hair loss and harm their clients and them self

What tough exterior layer of the hair has the purpose of surrounding the inner layers and protecting the hair from damage?

Which layer of the hair is located directly beneath the cuticle layer and is responsible for incredible strength and elasticity of human hair?

Which layer of hair is the innermost layer of the hair and often called the pit or core of the hair?

What term PH is an abbreviation used for potential ___ and the symbol PH represents the quantity of ___.

The ___ measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance by measuring the quantity of hydrogen ions it contains

The range of numbers used in the pH scale is ___.

Chemical hair texturizers temporarily raise the

pH of the hair to an alkaline state in order to ___

In the restructuring process coarse resistant hair with a strong compact cuticle requires a chemical solution that is ___.

What are the basic building blocks of hair that affect how chemical solutions react?

Which compounds are made up of carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen and sulfur?

Which chemical bonds also known as end bonds join amino acids together end to end in a long chain to form a polypeptide chain?

What are long coiled polypeptide chains linked together end to end like beads?

The cortex of the hair is made up of millions of polypeptide chains cross-linked by three types of side bonds that are responsible for the elasticity and strength of the hair these bonds are ___.

What chemical side bonds are formed when two sulfur type chains are joined together?

Which bonds are relatively weak physical side bonds resulting from an attraction between negative and positive electrical charges and are easily broken by changes in pH?

Hydrogen bonds are weak physical side bonds that result from attraction between negative and positive electrical charges that are easily broken by water or heat but reform as the hair is ___.

___ is a two-step process in which the hair first undergoes a physical change caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods and then a chemical change caused by the application of permanent waving solution and neutralizer.

What determines the size of the curl in a permanent waving process?

In permanent waving the shape and type of curl are determined by the shape and type of rod and the ___.

Once in the cortex the waving solution breaks the disulfide bonds through a chemical reaction called ___.

Permanent waving the reduction reaction is due to the addition of ___.

What are the most common reducing agents used in permanent waving?

The ___ of the permanent waving solution is determined primarily by the concentration of the reducing agent or thio.

The active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanent waves is ___.

What is the second factor in the overall strength of a waving solution?

Alkaline waves also known as ___ were developed in 1941

Most alkaline permanent waves have a PH between ___.

What is the main active ingredient in true acid and acid balanced waving lotion?

All acid waves have three components permanent waving lotion neutralizer and ___.

Most acid waves are actually ___ waves which are permanent waves that have a 7.0 or neutral pH

Exothermic waves create a chemical reaction that heats the waving solution and speed up ___.

Waves that are activated from an outside heat source such as a conventional hood typed hair dryer are ___ waves

___ waves are perms using an ingredient that does not evaporate as readily as ammonia so that there is very little odor associated with their use.

It is important for stylist to remember that ammonia free does not necessarily mean ___.

What waving solution used in ingredient other than ATG such

as cysteamine or mercaptamine as the primary reducing agent?

___ waves are permanent solutions based on sulfites considered very weak and are usually marketed as body waves or alternative waves

In permanent waving most of the processing takes place as soon as a solution penetrates the hair within the first ___.

Hair that has too many broken disulfide bonds and will not hold a firm curl is considered ___.

Overprocessed hair that is further processed will become ___ and cause further damage including breakage

The process that stops the action of permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair into its new form is called ___.

What is the most common neutralizer?

What is the most common type of Perm rod?

What perm rods are equal in diameter along the entire length or curling area?

What soft foam perm rods are usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod?

___ also known as circle rods are usually about 12 inches long with the uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod and secured by fastening the ends together to form a loop.

The ___ is a perm wrap in which one end paper is placed under and another is placed over the strand of hair being wrapped providing the most control over the hair ends

The ___ uses only one end paper placed over the top of the hair strand.

The ___ uses one end paper folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope.

All perm wraps begin by sectioning the hair into ___.

And permanent waving panels of hair are divided into smaller subsections called ___.

___ refers to the position of the rod in relation to its base section and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

Caution should be used with on base rod placement to avoid additional ___.

___ minimizes stress and tension on the hair

The angle at which a permanent wave rod is positioned on the head is referred to as ___.

The two methods of wrapping the hair around a perm rod are ___.

In the Croquignole method of wrapping the hair is wound from the ___ in overlapping concentric layers.

In a ___the hair is wrapped at an ankle other than perpendicular to the length of the rod which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod

What is another name for the double rod wrap technique?

The ___ also known as straight set wrap is a wrapping pattern in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are position on equal sized bases.

Which rap utilizes partings and bases throughout the panels to follow the curvature of the head?

Base sections are offset from each other row by row to prevent noticeable splits and to blend the flow of the hair in which wrapping pattern?

What is a very effective technique for blending between perm rods with opposite base directions using zigzag partings to divide base areas?

Chemical services should not be performed if the scalp analysis shows any signs of ___.

Hair that has been treated with a hydroxide relaxer is unfit for ___ and will not hold a curl

___ often found in Home coloring products leave a coating on the hair that may cause uneven curls severe discoloration or hair breakage

What is the process of rearranging the basic structure of curly hair into a straighter or smoother form?

___ is the measurement of thickness or thinness of a liquid that affects how the fluid flows.

___ combines the use of a thio relaxer with flat ironing

What is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers?

Hair that is treated with hydroxide relaxers must not be treated with ___.

Which relaxer contains only one component and I see used without mixing?

Sodium hydroxide relaxers are commonly called ___.

Which of the following are relaxers often marketed and sold as no mix no lye relaxers?

relaxers that contain two components and must be mixed immediately prior to use are ___.

What is a hydroxide relaxer that does not require the application of a protective base?

During a relaxer strand test hair that is pressed to the scalp and continues to curl is ___.

Which conditioner contains an acidic pH the restores the hair’s natural pH and should be used after a hydroxide relaxer?

Keratin straightening treatments work by ___ in a semi permanent manner.

A combination of thio relaxer and A thio permanent wrapping large rods is a ___.

Where should you start the application of the chemical relaxer often considered the most resistant area?