The levels of ___ estimates include detail takeoff and crew-based estimates.

The ___ used depend on company practice, the project being estimated, and/or estimator preference.

___ estimates are used to develop various basic project budgets based on a variety of project options and require the least amount of construction documentation to complete.

___ estimates, also referred to as schematic or model estimates, are based on the building function or the functional area of the building.

___ estimates require completion of the majority of the construction documents and confirm the overall project costs as the design nears completion.

At the ___ estimate level, owners commonly compare the costs determined at this level of estimating with bids received from various contractors and subcontractors.

A(n) ___ estimate is an estimate in which each individual construction component is accounted for.

For ___ estimates, material quantities, equipment, and labor costs are included in a single calculation.

___ estimates can be developed with various options and pricing to allow the owner to make realistic determinations about options, such as sustainable roofing materials or reuse of surface water, in the context of available financing.

Prior to entering into the estimating and bidding process, the owner of a contracting, subcontracting, or material-supply firm must consider several factors including type of construction, company capacity, and ___.

The ___, project manager, engineers, contractors, and architect or owner are typically in attendance at a prebid meeting.

A(n) ___ includes pricing, performance criteria, and scheduling and staffing information as needed by the owner for selection of the contractor or contracting team.

The scope of the work to be bid and performed by a(n) ___ must be clearly defined.

While procedures used by individuals vary, ___ or procedures are followed for reviewing plans and specifications and developing each bid.

A(n) ___ estimating process requires that the most current construction documents, including the detail drawings and specifications, are used for the bidding process.

The ___ begins with a review of all construction contract documents, including detail drawings, and specification books, including the general specifications, addenda, and agreement forms.

Maintaining the proper ___ plays a role in the number of projects bid and the profit margins that management may apply to a particular project.

A ___ is the practice of reviewing construction contract documents to determine the quantities of materials to be included in a bid.

The ___ are involved in almost every phase of the planning and construction process.

___ expenses include all costs associated with a specific project but cannot be assigned to a specific item in the project.

___ costs include items such as the installation of temporary electrical service, job-site office and storage trailer transportation and rental, and the creation and removal of temporary access roads if required.

The ___ monitors federally funded projects to ensure that civil rights laws are being followed.

___ is the process whereby the owner and contractor agree on changes to the original design documents that will result in a comparable finished construction project with some substitutions and cost savings.

One of the highest risk variables in construction project estimating is the cost of construction ___.

For established companies, the ___ are the most reliable source of labor cost data.

___ are penalties assessed against a contractor or subcontractor for failure to complete work within a specified period of time.

Even though standard building codes exist, local building and zoning commissions may ___ codes to address the needs of their residents.

When contemplating ___, estimators should consider the employment and unemployment levels in a construction market and assess the impact those levels may have on labor resources.

Estimators must take material and product availability into account when developing an estimate because availability affects price and ___.

Associations such as the ___ and the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI) provide a variety of reference materials for building standards and specifications.

Estimators consult ___ to obtain information related to current prices and potential changes in construction-cost items.

A(n) ___ is the price of a number of common construction materials combined into a unit assembly, such as a wall constructed of studs, top and bottom plates, headers, and strap bracing.

___ are available for a variety of materials such as doors, windows, special fixtures, louvers, and other individual items that are shown on a drawing.

___ is the calculation of material, equipment, and labor prices in a single step based on a specific quantity of construction put in place.

Equipment rates vary according to equipment availability, ___, and the equipment required.

___ are calculated based on standard material quantities.

After an estimator has determined the number of work hours required for a particular unit price of material from reference tables, ___ can be added to the calculations to determine total labor costs.

Printed and digital references are organized to allow an estimator to quickly determine material, equipment, and labor costs in relation to the ___.

When estimating with a computerized system, digital information concerning unit pricing may be calculated automatically by entering the type of material and the ___ of the material to be bid.

The ___ are reviewed to determine the types and amounts of work contained in a particular construction project.

___ are written agreements describing building components and various construction procedures included in the specifications for a construction project.

An estimating ___ is an approach used by an estimator to perform project analysis, quantity takeoff, and pricing in a consistent and organized manner.

Items in the specifications related to an estimate include materials, equipment, labor, overhead, and ___.

Estimators must take all portions of the ___ and specifications into account when calculating overall job costs.

___ costs are expenses that are not attributable to any one specific operation.

___ is the monetary benefit realized by a construction firm at the completion of a building process.

A decision is made by a contractor to bid on a project if the project includes the correct ___.

The ___ estimating method is an estimating method in which material quantities are calculated and entered onto ledger sheets for pricing.

When using unit labor costs to calculate total labor costs, the ___ may also be used as the multiplier.

Using ___, an estimator studies and reviews the plans and uses several colored markers to indicate each type of material as it is taken off of the plans.

A ___ is a grid consisting of rows and columns on a sheet of paper into which item descriptions, locations, code numbers, quantities, and costs are entered.

The ___ is a uniform system of numbers and titles used for organizing information about construction requirements, products, and activities into a standard sequence.

The general conditions section in the specifications for a project commonly contains a list of the ___ categories.

In the MasterFormat, a(n) ___ is given to each item.

For building construction, item codes used in a bid are commonly based on the numbered divisions of the MasterFormat, which is published by the ___.

Estimators should use ___ categories on ledger sheets to ensure consistency and to present the information in a format familiar to others involved in the construction process.

An estimator must have ___ skills in order to mark and take off the portions of the plans that pertain to the work being bid.

Advantages of ___ estimating methods include faster estimates, the ease with which last-minute changes can be incorporated into a bid, the ability to share estimating components for a large structure with a team of estimators, and assistance in reducing mathematical errors or missed bid items.

Care must be taken by an estimator to verify that the ___ is performing the proper mathematical calculation for the proper range of cells.

One of the most time-saving features of sophisticated estimating programs using ___ is their ability to correlate quantity takeoff amounts with material and labor unit pricing information to quickly calculate costs.

Standard construction ___ are entered into a database as a standard material, equipment, and labor quantity and cost per standard unit of measure.

A ___ is used with an estimating program to input drawing coordinates directly into the program, reducing the need to enter quantities and dimensions using a computer keyboard.

Use of ___ creates a design and construction process where owners, architects, engineers, estimators, contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers utilize digital information in a consistent format to identify the best construction practices and avoid costly oversights.

___ allows estimating programs to automatically develop quantity takeoffs based on intelligent object codes embedded in digital plan documents.

___ includes the compilation of all the various information required for members of a construction team.

BIM models may also provide fourth and fifth "dimensions," with the fourth dimension being quantity takeoff and estimating, and the fifth dimension being ___.

Integrating estimating programs with ___ programs can indicate areas where savings or cost overruns may have occurred.

___ provide details that cannot be shown on drawings.

The specifications are the most important document for the ___ at the beginning of the estimating and bidding process.

The ___ state the method used for bidding and the selection process for awarding the project.

A(n) ___ is typically responsible for the detailed design and coordination of a construction project.

The ___ is a uniform system of numbers and titles used for organizing information about construction requirements, products, and activities into a standard sequence.

The current edition of the MasterFormat, initiated in 2004, contains ___ divisions that define broad areas of construction.

Division ___ of the specifications includes information concerning existing items, such as underground storage tanks, concrete foundations and piers, and any existing thermal or moisture protection.

Division ___ of the specifications provides information concerning highly specialized construction projects including swimming pools, amusement park equipment, controlled environment rooms, and building automation systems.

The specifications for Division ___ provide information regarding equipment used for control of air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution, and solid waste materials.

Division ___ of the specifications provides information regarding rough carpentry, finish carpentry, architectural woodwork, structural plastics and plastic fabrications, and structural composite materials.

One of the most necessary and difficult skills to use when creating an estimate from a large set of prints is the ability to ___ an entire project.

The ability to efficiently obtain and locate information from a variety of sources and interpret it in such a way that everyone can understand it is the most important requirement of the ___ process for a large building project.

Print divisions are denoted by a ___ shown in the title block.

___ prints include general building information, floor plans, elevation views, section drawings, and detail drawings.

___ prints provide information about sizes, styles, and placement for foundations, beams, columns, joists, braces, and other framing and load-bearing members.

___ prints include overall site layout, grading, elevations, and topographical information.