One of the oldest and simplest methods of measuring distances.

Unit in pacing that can either be measured on a heel-to-heel or toe-to-toe basis.

It is equivalent to two paces.

The distance covered by one pace.

It is the unknown distance between two given points given by the product of the mean number of paces and its pace factor.

The process of directly measuring distances using a calibrated tape. Probably the most common method of determining horizontal distances.

In a typical taping operation, the following individuals are part of the party EXCEPT one.

It is dropped on the ground to mark the turning points of the taping process.

A procedure that involves measuring shorter distances at a time to allow the tape to be held horizontally.

Defined as the difference between the observed value and the true value of a measurement.

It is the deviation of the sample mean from the actual mean of the population.

The quantity in which when added or subtracted from the mpv, defines a range within which there is a 50% chance that the true value of the measured quantity lies inside the limits set.

The weight is inversely proportional to the number of observations or measurements.

When dealing with closed traverse, the weight is inversely proportional to the number of measurements.

In measuring distances, the error is treated as positive when the tape is too short and negative when the tape is too long.

This correction is applied if the tape is not fully supported throughout its length and is subjected to the pull that is not equal to the pull applied during the calibration process.

It is the amount of pull required to make the end points of the tape coincide with the marked points on a horizontal surface.   

It is the measure of spread/variation/dispersion/scatter of a distribution. It is also called the root-mean square.  

It is the degree of reliability for each measurement prior to the determination of the most probable value.