emphasize discrete and qualitative differences in individual patterns of emotion, and behavior. There are clear distinctions between what is normal and what is not.

genetic, structural, biological or chemical basis for all processes and events.

the ability of neural networks in the brain to change through growth and reorganization.

observable characteristics (hair color, eye color, height)

Someone's genetic makeup

the study of genetic and environmental influences on behaviors.

the study of which genes are associated with which personality traits.

A study that compares DNA markers across the genome (the complete genetic material in a person) in people with a disease or trait to people without the disease or trait. These studies may uncover clues to help prevent, diagnose, and treat disease

a measure of how well differences in people's genes account for differences in their traits.

occurs when an individual selects environments based on genetically influenced traits. For example, students with greater intellectual abilities may select classes that are more challenging, which further increases their knowledge.

Gene–environment interactions occur when genetic factors affect sensitivity to environmental risk factors, making some people more susceptible

the study of how the environment and other factors can change the way that genes are expressed.

the allele that confers a risk of developing the disease.

DNA traits such as skin color, hair color, eye color, and stature that are influenced by multiple genes

Physiological vulnerabilities

such as genetic abnormalities, structural

pathologies, and biochemical

disturbances.

-Unconscious cognitive, affective, and motivational processes

-Mental representations of self, other, and relationships

-A developmental perspective

Both normal and abnormal behaviors are gradually acquired via processes of learning•

Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning are processes of learning

–Reinforcement is key to all of these learning processes-Focuses on the individual’s observable behavior within a specific environment

-Environmental variables have powerful effects on the development of personality and psychopathology

-Focus on the components and processes of the mind and mental development

-Consider the content and developmental level of children’s thinking

-Emphasize:

•Personally meaningful experiences

•Innate motivations for healthy growth

•The child’s purposeful creation of a self-Related to discussions of self, wellness, and positive psychology

emphasize the importance of the social context, including gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

individuals born in a particular historical period share key experiences and events