In 5th century what did Hippocrates wrote?

(a)  

When did color charts had been developed?

(a)  

In 1694, he discovered albuminuria by boiling urine.

(a)  

The invention of (a)   led to examination of urinalysis sediments.

Who and what year did this person introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor's routine patient examination?

(a)  

In this year the number and complexity of the tests performed in a urinalysis had reached a point of impracticality.

(a)  

Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen account

for this continued popularity:

(a)  

They defined urinalysis as “the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.”

(a)  

The kidneys continuously form URINE as an

(a)  

The daily average urine output is?

(a)  

Major organic substance

(a)  

Major inorganic substance

(a)  

Occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

(a)  

Derived from protein metabolism and glutamine in kidneys; amount varies depending on blood and tissue fluid acidity

(a)  

Factors that influence urine volume include:

(a)  

a decrease in urine output

(a)  

It is commonly seen when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, diarrhea, perspiration, or severe burns.

(a)  

cessation of urine flow, may result from any serious damage to the kidneys or from a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys.

(a)  

An increase excretion of urine at night.

(a)  

an increase in daily urine volume (greater than 2.5L/day in adults and 2.5–3 mL/kg/day in children)

(a)  

A group of metabolic diseases characterized by excessive levels of the sugar glucose in the blood

(a)  

Urine doesn't contain glucose

(a)  

They must be collected in clean, clear, dry, wide – mouth, flat – bottom, leak-proof disposable containers.

(a)  

Recommended capacity of the container for microscopic analysis

(a)  

Individually packaged sterile containers with secure closures should be used for

(a)  

are also suggested if more than 2 hours elapse between specimen collection and analysis.

(a)  

The most routinely used method of preservation is

(a)  

It inhibits bacteria and fungi

(a)  

It is an excellent chemical for preservation of formed elements.

(a)  

A general acid

(a)  

may be collected at any time, but the actual time of voiding should be recorded on the container.

(a)  

It is a concentrated specimen, thereby assuring detection of chemicals and formed elements that may not be present in a dilute random specimen

(a)  

It differs from a first morning specimen by being the second voided specimen after a period of fasting. It is recommended for glucose monitoring

(a)  

Patient is instructed to void shortly before consuming a routine meal and to collect a specimen 2 hours after eating. Primarily for monitoring insulin therapy in persons with diabetes mellitus.

(a)  

are sometimes collected to correspond with the blood samples drawn

(a)  

A carefully timed specimen must be used to produce accurate quantitative results

(a)  

He developed the first procedure to standardize the quantification of formed elements in the urine microscopic analysis

(a)  

It is also called hemocytometer to count the number of RBCs, WBCs, casts, and epithelial cells present in a 12 hour specimen

(a)  

This specimen is collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube (catheter) through the urethra into the bladder; bacterial culture.

(a)  

provides a safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis.

(a)  

urine

may be collected by external

introduction of a needle

through the abdomen into the

bladder; cytologic examination

(a)  

the three glass collection procedure is used to determine prostatic infection

(a)  

It is used as a control for bladder and kidney infection.

(a)  

Soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to the genital area of both boys and girls are available for collecting routine specimens

(a)  

Urine specimen collection is the most vulnerable part of a drug-testing program

(a)  

Urine temperature should read within the range of

(a)  

Step – by – step documentation of the hprocess that provides this documentation of proper sample identification from the time of collection to the receipt of laboratory andling and testing of legal specimens

(a)  

Individual from whom a specimen is collected

(a)  

It consists of a group of tests performed as part of physical examination. It involves macroscopic and microscopic analysis.

(a)  

Urine sediment is examined under microscope to identify the components of the urinary sediments

(a)  

It varies according to water intake and physical activities.

(a)  

It is preferred (particularly for protein analysis) because they are more concentrated from overnight retention in bladder

(a)  

Urine container must be (a)   if the urine is to be cultured

Normal range of Urine within 24 hours

(a)  

Night: Day ratio

(a)  

The physical examination of urine includes the determination

of the urine:

(a)  

The yellow color of urine is caused by the presence of a pigment called?

(a)  

It is a product of endogenous metabolism, and under normal conditions the body produces it at a constant rate.

(a)  

Common color of urine

(a)  

A pink pigment, is most evident in specimens that have been refrigerated, resulting in the precipitation of amorphous urate

(a)  

an oxidation product of the normal urinary constituent urobilinogen, imparts an orange-brown color to urine that is not fresh

(a)  

Bright yellow

(a)  

Mepacrine

(a)  

Green-brown

(a)  

It is a general term that refers to the transparency/turbidity  of a urine specimen.

(a)  

May precipitate or be clotted

(a)  

Print cannot be seen through urine

(a)  

No visible particulates, transparent

(a)  

Few particulates, print easily seen through urine

(a)  

Many particulates, print blurred through urine

(a)  

Amorphous urates, radiographic contrast media

(a)  

Amorphous phosphates, carbonates

(a)  

RBCs, amorphous phosphates, carbonates

(a)  

Normal urine due to aromatic acids

(a)  

On standing due to decomposition of urea

(a)  

Diabetes due to the presence of ketones

(a)  

Clearance tests eGFR

(a)  

PAH Test, PSP test and titratable acidity and ammonia

(a)  

standard test used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli. Measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove ( clear ) a filterable substance from the blood

(a)  

Originally the reference method and infused by IV

(a)  

Earliest glomerular filtration test

(a)  

ROUTINELY DONE for screening GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE ( GFR )

(a)  

GREATEST SOURCE OF ERROR in any clearance procedure is the

(a)  

Most frequently used formula

VARIABLES : Age, sex and body weight

(a)  

aka the levery formula, šNewer and utilizes additional variables such as ETHNICITY, BLOOD UREA NITROGEN ( BUN ) and SERUM ALBUMIN, but does not inclue body weight

(a)  

Measures the concentrating ability of the kidney

(a)  

Depends on the number of particles only sodium, chloride and urea contribute equally

(a)  

Useful for screening only and not used nowadays

(a)  

px. Were deprived of fluids for 24 hours prior to measuring specific gravity

(a)  

compares the volume and specific gravity of day and night urine samples

(a)  

Normal values of urine sg

(a)  

Quantitative measurement of renal concentrating ability

(a)  

Solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent

(a)  

Solute dissolved in 1L of solvent

(a)  

first principle incorporated into clinical osmometers

(a)  

- measures DEW POINT ( temperature at which water vapor condenses into a liquid

    - depression of dew point temperature by solute is proportional to the decrease in vapor pressure

(a)  

Normal serum osmolarity

(a)  

Normal Urine osmolarity

(a)  

Calculate the osmolar clearance and subtract it from the urine volume in mL/min

(a)  

indicates how much water must be cleared each minute to produce a urine with the same osmolarity as the plasma

(a)  

exogenous procedure ,

    nontoxic substance secreted by the PCT, used to calculate the effective   renal plasma flow.

(a)  

not currently performed

(a)  

determines the defective function in the ability of   the kidney to produce an acidic urine. Run simultaneously on either fresh or   toluene preserved urine specimens collected at 2-hr intervals.

(a)  

inability to produce an acidic urine in the presence of metabolic acidosis

(a)  

A normal person excretes 70 mEq/day of acid in the form of either titrable acid, hydrogen phosphate ions or ammonium ions

(a)  

where urine in formed

(a)  

carry the urine to the bladder

(a)  

stores the urine

(a)  

delivers the urine for excretion outside the body

(a)  

Adult male kidney

(a)  

adult female

(a)  

šThe outer layer of the kidney. The renal cortex is also known as the kidney cortex. The cortex surrounds the inside of the organ. The renal cortex is where the nephrons (blood-filtering units) begin.

(a)  

innermost part of the kidney. the renal medulla contains the renal pyramids, where urine formation takes place.

(a)  

the major function is to act as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureters

(a)  

The renal arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your kidneys.

(a)  

The renal veins are blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the kidney. Each kidney is drained by its own renal vein (the right and left renal vein).

(a)  

functional units of the kidney

(a)  

Parts of nephrons

(a)  

the main filtering unit of the kidney.

(a)  

non-selective filter/sieve of plasma substances with MW of <70,000 Dalton

(a)  

functions to collect the ultrafiltrate from the Bowman's capsule that was produced by the glomerulus. It reabsorbs and secretes specific substances.

(a)  

means "closest to point of attachment,"

(a)  

receives this name because it is the first part of the renal tubule to leave the glomerulus

(a)  

The tubule is called (a)   because it consists of tortuous tubules in the renal cortex.

The descending portion has a high permeability to water, moderate permeability to urea and low permeability to ions. The concentration of urine increases in this limb.

(a)  

- both impermeable to water.

(a)  

it helps in draining urine into the distal convoluted tubule. The sodium reabsorption in a thin ascending limb is quite passive and occurs paracellularly because of the difference in osmolarity between the tubule and interstitium.

(a)  

a short nephron segment, interposed between the macula densa and collecting duct. Even though it is short

(a)  

it plays a key role in regulating extracellular fluid volume and electrolyte homeostasis.

(a)  

the collecting duct consists of two types of cells

(a)  

is to reabsorb fluid and electrolytes back into the bloodstream. As such, it is usually very sensitive to changes in body water content.

(a)  

Two kinds of nephrons

(a)  

make up 85% of the nephrons. Seen in the cortex alone for tubular reabsorption and secretion.

(a)  

Loops of henle extended into the medulla for concentration of the urine

(a)  

Renal Functions

(a)  

it is dependent on renal blood flow

(a)  

moved from the circulatory system to the urine and excreted from the body via kidney

(a)  

The kidney receives what percent of cardiac output

(a)  

Total renal blood flow

(a)  

Total renal plasma flow

(a)  

same composition as blood but is free of plasma protein/any protein-bound substances and cells.

(a)  

Term describing the impediment produced by negatively charged components.

(a)  

the blood pressure within the glomerulus, moves fluid from the blood into Bowman's capsule

(a)  

the pressure inside the Bowman's capsule, moves fluid from the capsule into the blood

(a)  

produced by the concentration of blood proteins, moves fluid from Bowman's capsule into the blood by osmosis

(a)  

It is equal to the glomerular capillary pressure minus the capsular and colloid osmotic pressure

(a)  

Substances removed from the filtrate are returned to the blood

(a)  

Two REABSORPTION MECHANISMS

(a)  

TWO URINE CONCENTRATION

(a)  

movement of molecules across a membrane as result in the difference in their concentration gradients

(a)  

a carrier protein in the membrane of the renal tubular cells is involved

(a)  

glucose, amino acids, salts

(a)  

chloride

(a)  

sodium

(a)  

water

(a)  

Urea

(a)  

sodium for passive transport

(a)  

Major site of reabsorption

(a)  

plasma concentration at which ACTIVE   transport stops. 

(a)  

2/3 of reabsorbed sodium is accompanied by passive reabsorption of the same amount of water.

(a)  

Urine concentration begins in

(a)  

It is exposed to the high osmotic ( salt ) gradient of the medulla

(a)  

water is removed via (a)   in DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE

Na and Cl are reabsorbed in the

(a)  

“ Final concentration of urine begins in the?

(a)  

Reabsorption of water and sodium in DCT and CD is

(a)  

responds to body’s need for SODIUM.

produced and released from the adrenal cortex. promotes SODIUM REABSORPTION and POTASSIUM SECRETION

(a)  

response to body’s state of HYDRATION.

produced in the hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary gland. Makes the walls of the DCT and CD permeable to water.

(a)  

passage of substances from the blood to the filtrate for excretion.

(a)  

is secreted in exchange for bicarbonate ions in the PCT.

(a)  

Bean shaped paired organs

(a)