What is performed to diagnose meningitis

(a)  

Are all contained in cerebrospinal fluid

(a)  

where does cerebrospinal fluid circulate in the brain

(a)  

What structure produces cerebrospinal fluid

(a)  

Where in the brain is cerebrospinal fluid produced

(a)  

What are the causes of hydrocephalus

(a)  

Abnormal interventricular pressure that affects brain tissue

(a)  

How is the blood brain barrier formed

(a)  

How thick is the cerebral cortex

(a)  

The bump ridges on the cerebral cortex

(a)  

The grooves or farrows on the brain

(a)  

Contains neurons called pyramidal cells, axons form the pyramidal tracts

(a)  

Controls voluntary muscle movements on opposite side of body, more cortical area for muscles involved in skilled, complex, or delicate movements (thumbs, fingers, lips)

(a)  

Where is the primary motor cortex

(a)  

Controls learned skilled movements and the programs for carrying out sequential muscle movements

(a)  

Where is the premotor cortex located

(a)  

Involved in planning and production of speech, this involves replaying impulses to the motor cortex and muscle of the tongue, cheek, larynx, and lips (corresponding area of right frontal lobe contains the affective language area)

(a)  

Controls voluntary movements of the eyes

(a)  

Where is the frontal eye field located

(a)  

Receive information from general sensory receptors in skin (touch, pressure, hot/cold, pain, itch) and proprioceptors in skeletal muscles, joints, tendons, allows for spatial discrimination (the ability to indemnify the body location being stimulated

(a)  

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

(a)  

Integrates and interprets sensations (position of limbs, location of touch/pain, determination of weight, texture, and shape of objects; stores past memories of sensations)

(a)  

Where is the somatosensory association area located

(a)  

Allows recognition of shape, color, movement of visual stimuli

(a)  

What two cortex’s are located in the occipital lobe

(a)  

Allows recognition of visual stimuli, relates past and present visual experience

(a)  

Interprets sound (pitch, loudness, rhythm, location)

(a)  

Where is the primary auditory cortex located

(a)  

Ability to recognize speech, music, noise, store memory of past sounds

(a)  

Where is the auditory association area located

(a)  

Provides the ability to recognize different “smells”

(a)  

Where is the olfactory cortex located

(a)  

Aids in perception of taste

(a)  

what structures are located in the insula

(a)  

Provides perception of visceral sensations (upset stomach, full bladder, lungs going to burst when holding breath)

(a)  

What are anterior association areas involved in

(a)  

Involved in recognition of spoken words, interprets meaning of speech, translates words into thoughts, Lesions: person can speak but the words don’t make sense

(a)  

Where in the brain is the wernickes area

(a)  

Recognizes emotional speech, Lesions = inability to “read” a persons emotion

(a)  

The “relay station” for sensory information coming into the cerebral cortex, relays information between different areas of cerebral cortex

(a)  

What are the two part of the midbrain

(a)  

Involved in visual tracking, pupillary and accommodation reflexes

(a)  

Contain cerebral aqueduct, tracts (cerebral peduncles and superior cerebral peduncles), superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, nuclei, cranial nerves lll and IV

(a)  

Involved in auditory pathway and startle reflexes

(a)  

Contains Tracts and nuclei

(a)  

Middle cerebellar peduncles

(a)  

Relay signals between the motor cortex and cerebellum, help control breathing, associated w/ cranial nerves V, VI, VII, VIII

(a)  

Tracts(medullary pyramids/corticospinal tracts and inferior cerebellar peduncles) and nuclei

(a)  

Cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory centers; sneezing, coughing, hiccuping, swallowing, vomiting; for cranial nerves IX, X, Xl, XII

(a)  

Provides precise timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions for smooth, coordinated movements and agility, helps maintain balance and posture

(a)  

“Emotional” (affective) brain, smell brain, interacts with prefrontal cortex

(a)  

What are the two structures of the limbic system

(a)  

Involved in emotional and social processing, allows us to recognize a stimulus and respond accordingly (recognizes anger or fear, assesses danger and elicits fear response),

(a)  

Involved in spatial memory (what, where, when), involved in learning

(a)  

Extends through the brain stem and is involved in both sensory and motor

(a)  

Keeps the cerebral cortex aroused and conscious

(a)  

What inhibits the reticular activating system

(a)  

What depresses the reticular activating system

(a)  

The inability to speak or comprehend speech

(a)  

Damage to motor areas of brain during fetal development

(a)  

Seizures, motor convulsions

(a)  

Loss of blood flow to part of brain leads ischemia

(a)  

An inherited, neurodegenerative disease

(a)  

The bundled, tapered end of the spinal nerves.

(a)  

A fibrous band that extends from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx

(a)  

The roots of the lumbar and sacral nerves, which form a bundle within the lowest part of the spinal column

(a)  

Mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body’s periphery

(a)  

What type of nerve fibers are carried by dorsal roots

(a)  

What is located within the dorsal root ganglion

(a)  

What type of nerve fibers are carried by the ventral root

(a)  

Where is gray matter located within the spinal cord

(a)  

What types of neurons are located within the spinal horns

(a)  

Where is white matter located in the spinal cord

(a)  

Which way do nerve impulses travel in the spinal cord

(a)  

What information is carried by the spinal cord

(a)  

The action of crossing nerve fibers especially in the form of an X

(a)  

Opposite side

(a)  

Same side

(a)  

What types of sensory information are carried by anterior and lateral spinothalamic tracts

(a)  

What type of sensory information do posterior columns transfer

(a)  

What type of sensory information is transferred by spine cerebellar tracts

(a)  

Why are direct/pyramidal pathways refered to as pyramidal

(a)  

A system of efferent nerve fibers that carry signals from the cerebral cortex to either the brain stem or the spinal cord

(a)  

A major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function

(a)  

Carries upper motor neuron input to motor nuclei of trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves

(a)  

Why is the pyramidal/direct pathways called extrapyramidal

(a)  

Originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain, decussates and then descends in the lateral aspect of the spinal cord

(a)  

from the superior and inferior colliculi

(a)  

Upper motor neurons where the reticular activation system is

(a)  

Originates in the inner ear

(a)  

Occult spinal dysraphism, occulta, cystica

(a)  

Fecal-oral transmissIon to mouth and intestines to bloodstream, virus destroys ventral horn motor neurons and nuclei of cranial nerves, leads to muscle weakness and/or paralysis, can be deadly

(a)  

Destruction of ventral horn motor neurons and fibers of pyramidal tracts, muscle weakness begins in hands/arms or legs, lose ability to speak, swallow, breathe

(a)  

Loss of motor function

(a)  

Damage to ventral root or anterior horn nuclei, loss of function and muscle tone

(a)  

Damage to upper motor neurons, increased muscle tone, exaggerated reflexes

(a)  

Transaction occurs between vertebrae T1-L1

(a)  

Transaction occurs in cervical region

(a)  

Somatic sensations are from the skin, muscle, and joints; visceral sensations are from internal organs

(a)  

Sensory receptors that Respond to chemicals

(a)  

Sensory receptors respond to different temperature

(a)  

Sensory receptors that respond to pain

(a)  

Sensory receptors that responses to stretch and pressure

(a)  

Sensory receptors that are stimulated by any light and found in the eyes

(a)  

True or false: sensory receptors are distributed throughout the body evenly

(a)  

The act of nerves becoming less sensitive during prolonged stimulus (the graded potential decreases in amplitude)

(a)  

what sensory receptors do not adapt

(a)  

What organs lack pain receptors

(a)  

Comes from receptors on the skin, muscles, and joints

(a)  

Sharp, quick, localized pain

(a)  

Comes from internal organs

(a)  

Pain Comes from internal organ

(a)  

Pain in other areas when another body area is injured

(a)  

Another word for pain relievers

(a)  

What types of analgesics are there

(a)  

How many of each spinal nerves are there

(a)  

Ventral rami branch and join forming nerve network

(a)  

What would happen if a cervical-phrenic nerve was injured

(a)  

A “map” indicating the area of skin innervated by each spinal nerve, they overlap

(a)  

A virus caused by the herpes zoster virus, lies dormant in the dorsal root ganglia under the surveillance of the immune system

(a)  

occur at the level of the spinal cord (don’t need to think about it) involve skeletal muscles, are protective

(a)  

Sensory neuron synapses directly with a motor neuron, ONE synapse

(a)  

Sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron which synapses with a motor neuron, two synapses

(a)  

Only has one synapse

(a)  

Involving more than one reflexes

(a)  

A synapse on the other side of the body

(a)  

Ipsilateral

(a)