What are the 4 components of a Computer System?

Provides basic computing resources.

(Ex: CPU, memory, I/O devices)

Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users.

Define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the users.

(Ex: word processors, compilers, web browsers, database systems, video games)

People, machines, other computers

Users want:

(NOTE: They don't care about resource utilization.)

OS has a universally accepted definition.

The one program running at all times on the computer.

Is loaded at power-up or reboot.

Device controller informs CPU that it has finished its operation by causing an ________.

Interrupt transfers control to the interrupt service routine generally, through the ______________, which contains the addresses of all the service routines.

Request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O completion

Contains entry for each I/O device indicating its type, address, and state.

Only large storage media that the CPU can access directly.

Extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity.

Rigid metal or glass platters covered with magnetic recording material.

Faster than hard disks, nonvolatile

Copying information into faster storage system; main memory can be viewed as a cache for secondary storage.

Provides uniform interface between controller and kernel

For each device controller to manage I/O.

Also known as parallel systems, tightly-coupled systems.

They are systems growing in use and importance.

Like multiprocessor systems, but multiple systems working together.

Usually sharing storage via a storage-area network (SAN).

Provides a high-availability service which survives failures.

Has one machine in hot-standby mode.

Has multiple nodes running applications, monitoring each other.

Organizes jobs (code and data) so CPU always has one to execute.

_____________ (multitasking) is logical extension in which CPU switches jobs so frequently that users can interact with each job while it is running, creating __________ computing.

Response time should be _______.

Each user has at least one program executing in memory called _______.

If several jobs ready to run at the same time, ____________ occurs.

If processes don’t fit in memory, _________ moves them in and out to run.

_________________ operation allows OS to protect itself and other system components.

Provided by hardware

Provides ability to distinguish when system is running user code or kernel code.

Mode bit = 1

Mode bit = 0

________ is a program in execution. It is a unit of work within the system.

________ is a passive entity, _________ is an active entity.

_______________ determines what is in memory and when.

OS provides uniform, logical view of _________________.

Multiprocessor environment must provide _____________ in hardware such that all CPUs have the most recent value in their cache.

Any mechanism for controlling access of processes or users to resources defined by the OS.

Defense of the system against internal and external attacks.

Provide web access to internal systems.

Are like Web terminals.

Mobile computers interconnect via __________________.

Networking becoming ubiquitous – even home systems use _______ to protect home computers from Internet attacks.

In Mobile, leaders are ________ and ___________.

Collection of separate, possibly heterogeneous, systems networked together.

____________ is a communications path, TCP/IP most common.

4 Types of Network

_______________ provides features between systems across network.

Many systems now ______, responding to requests generated by _____.

Allows operating systems to run applications within other OSes.

Used when source CPU type different from target type (i.e. PowerPC to Intel x86).

When computer language not compiled to native code.

OS natively compiled for CPU, running guest OSes, also natively compiled.

Provides virtualization services.

OS is a _____________.

Manages all resources

Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

OS is a _______________.

Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.

A _____ or ______ is a software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request.

Two types of interrupt:

Disk surface is logically divided into ______, which are subdivided into _____.

The _____________ determines the logical interaction between the device and the computer.

Storage systems organized in hierarchy of:

Registers -> ________ -> ___________ -> solid-state disk -> hard disk -> optical disk -> _____________

Which of these are advantages of multiprocessors?

Allows execution of processes not completely in memory.

Single-threaded process has one ____________ specifying location of next instruction to execute.

Files usually organized into directories.

Access control on most systems to determine who can access what.

Tertiary storage includes _________, _________.

Write-once, read-many-times.

Allows user to change to effective ID with more rights.

Provides an interface to client to request services (i.e., database)

Provides interface for clients to store and retrieve files.

An operating system is not interrupt driven.

Bootstrap program is typically stored in ROM or EPROM, generally known as ____________.

Bootstrap program initializes all aspect of systems (Performs ____)

Power-on self test.

Checks computer hardware to make sure all are working correctly.