- is based around microprocessors and microcontrollers. Microprocessors are very similar to microcontrollers and, typically, refer to a CPU (central processing unit) that is integrated with other basic computing components such as memory chips and digital signal processors (DSPs). Microcontrollers have those components built into one chip.

-embedded systems can vary in complexity. However, industrial-grade microcontrollers and embedded IoT systems usually run very simple software that requires little memory.

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-These are not always included in embedded systems, especially smaller-scale systems. RTOSes define how the system works by supervising the software and setting rules during program execution.

- convert physical sense data into an electrical signal.

- converters change an analog electrical signal into a digital one.

- process digital signals and store them in memory.

-converters change the digital data from the processor into analog data.

- compare actual output to memory-stored output and choose the correct one.

- are small-sized systems that are designed to be portable. Digital cameras are an example of this.

- are connected to a network to provide output to other systems. Examples include home security systems and point of sale (POS) systems.

- are not reliant on a host system. Like any embedded system, they perform a specialized task. However, they do not necessarily belong to a host system, unlike other embedded systems. A calculator or MP3 player is an example of this.

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-  give the required output in a defined time interval. They are often used in medical, industrial and military sectors because they are responsible for time-critical tasks. A traffic control system is an example of this.

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-•embedded systems often use no more than an 8-bit microcontroller.

- embedded systems use a larger microcontroller (16-32 bit) and often link microcontrollers together.

- embedded systems often use several algorithms that result in software and hardware complexities and may require more complex software, a configurable processor and/or a programmable logic array

-  call subroutines, which manage a specific part of the hardware or embedded programming.

-  have two loops: a main one and a secondary one. Interruptions in the loops trigger tasks.

- is essentially a simple control loop located in an application programming interface (API).

- Is often used with an RTOS and features synchronization and task switching strategies.

RAM is the Brain of an embedded system. It is the basic unit that takes inputs and produces an output after processing the data.

-includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory. The EU has circuits that implement the instructions pertaining to data transfer operation and data conversion from one form to another.

-includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the circuits that execute instructions for a program control task such as interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.

is a single-chip Very Large Scale Integration unit (also called microcomputer) which, although having limited computational capabilities, possesses enhanced input/output capability and a number of on-chip functional units.

╸are particularly used in embedded systems for real-time control applications with on-chip program memory and devices.

╸is a single Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) chip having a CPU. In addition, it may also have other units such as coaches, floating point processing arithmetic unit, and pipelining units that help in faster processing of instructions.

-is a microprocessor designed especially for handling the needs of an embedded system.

They are special purpose embedded processor designed to meet the computational and power demands of audio, video and communication applications.

╸They are either 8 bit / 16 bit / 32 bit microprocessors, designed for faster operation than the general purpose processors.

The digital signal processor is one type of processor used for measuring, filtering and/or compress digital or analog signals. The signal processing means analysis and manipulation of signal. This processing can be done via computer or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) to obtain the clear signal.

media processor, mostly used as an image/video processor, is a microprocessor-based system-on-a-chip which is designed to deal with digital streaming data in real-time .

application-specific standard product (ASSP) is an integrated circuit (IC) dedicated to a specific application market and sold to more than one user.

╸ASIP is an architecture including two parts which are a minimum ISA (Instruction Set Architecture) and a configurable logic which you can use to design your own instruction set

Von Neumann architecture (also known as Princeton architecture) was first proposed by Jun von Neumann.

●instruction set computer (RISC) and processor uses a small, limited, simple instruction set. Each instruction uses a standard word length and has a short execution time, which facilitates the optimization of the instruction pipeline. To compensate for the command functions, the CPU is often equipped with a large number of general-purpose registers.

●complex instruction set computer (CISC) processor features a powerful instruction set and different instruction lengths, which facilitates the pipelined execution of instructions

Reduced  instruction set computer (RISC) and processor uses a small, limited, simple instruction set. Each instruction uses a standard word length and has a short execution time, which facilitates the optimization of the instruction pipeline. To compensate for the command functions, the CPU is often equipped with a large number of general-purpose registers