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WorksheetsFall 2022: Biomed Exam 1
Total questions: 89
Worksheet time: 49mins
The term vaccination was first described by which of the following scientists?
Robert Koch
Edward Jenner
Louis Pasteur
Francis Crick
Variolation was practiced in China and India in ancient times particularly against which of the following infectious disease?
Small pox
Cholera
AIDS
Malaria
What is varilolation? How is it practiced in ancient China?
method used to immunize people against small pox
Used lesions from patients already affected
Powdered crusts were scratched into the skin of uninfected people
Powdered crusts were inhaled by uninfected poeple
Which of the following are not correct with regard to cow pox/smallpox?
Cowpox is a less severe form of the disease than smallpox
When the patient recovers from cow pox, he/she is immune to smallpox
Louis Pasteur is the English physician credited to have introduced vaccines against smallpox.
WHO declared the world as free from smallpox in 1979
T/F: Innate immunity relies on the recognition of pathogen associated molecule patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
True
False
Which of the following are hallmarks of adaptive immune response?
Self-nonself recognition
Antigenic specificity
Antibody diversity
Division of labor (Equally important contributions of B-lymphocytes)
Immunological memory
T/F: Humoral immune response and cellular immune response are both part of the innate immune response.
True
False
Which of the following are considered as first line of defenses?
Skin and mucosal barrier
Low pH in the stomach
Lysozyme in the tears
Microbial flora in the intestine
All of the above
T/F: Fc region of the antibody is the antigen binding site and located in the carboxy-terminal region of the antibody.
True
False
Between 1917 and 1918, which infection / disease caused the death of nearly 675,000 Americans (immediately after the World War I)?
AIDS
Smallpox
Bubonic Plague
Influenza
Which of the following represents or examples of first line of defense?
Skin
Mucus
Low pH in stomach
High pH in intestine
All of the above
Which of the following enzymes are/is present in the saliva that can act on peptidoglycan layer on bacterial cell wall?
Amylases
Trypsin
Pepsin
Lysozyme
T/F: Lysozyme is present in both saliva and in tears.
True
False
What is psoriasin?
A protein secreted by the stomach in order to neutralize pH
A small molecular weight protein secreted from skin cells that inhibits the growth of E. coli bacteria.
A molecular weight proteins secreted by the pancreas to aid in the production of enzymes
A protein secreted by the liver to help combat alcoholism effects
Which of the following is/are not considered as a lymphocyte
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Natural Killer cells
Macrophage
Which of the following are not correct with regard to antibodies?
The two amino-terminal regions of the light and heavy chain –form the antigen binding sites.
The carboxy-terminal region of the antibody contains binding sites for immunoglobulin receptors as well as the binding sites for complement receptors.
The constant region in the heavy chain is divided into three sections named CH1, CH2 and CH3, whereas the light chain has only one constant region named CL.
A given antibody molecule (one antibody molecule) can have two different types of light chains
There are 5 types of mammalian Ig heavy chain- a, d, e, g, and m.
Which of the following classes of immunoglobulin is present in the blood in the largest amounts?
IgG
IgM
IgD
IgA
IgE
Which of the following immunoglobulin classes is mainly found in physiological fluids such as tears, saliva, GI fluids and milk?
IgG
IgD
IgA
IgE
Which of the following immunoglobulin classes can exist as a pentamer?
IgG
IgM
IgD
IgA
IgE
Which of the following is incorrect with regard to IgA?
It represents 15 to 20% of the serum immunoglobulins.
IgA is often present in milk, supports neonatal immunity
IgA is an important antibody in mucosal immunity where it prevents colonization of pathogens in the gut, respiratory and urogenital tract.
The transfer of IgA from mother to baby through milk is an example of passive immunity.
None of the above are incorrect.
T/F: IgA is important for neonatal immunity
True
False
Which of the following is not correct with regard to IgE?
It represents less than 1% of the serum immunoglobulins.
High affinity IgE receptors are found on the surface of mast cells and basophils.
IgE immunoglobulins are involved in allergic reactions
IgE can exist as a dimer
T/F: IgM contains delta heavy chain.
True
False
Which of the following antibodies are provided by passive immunization by the mother to the fetus/ or the infant?
IgM and IgD
IgA and IgG
IgD and IgE
IgD and IgG
Which of the following is true with regard to a hapten?
Hapten is a small molecule compound which can elicit an immune response.
An example of a hapten is hydralazine
In order to elicit an immune response, the haptens must bind to a protein and then processed by the APCs.
All of the above.
T/F: The heavy chain is encoded by VDJ and C gene regions in the chromosome.
True
False
Ability of our body to make millions and millions of antibodies (each unique antibody to a specific antigen) from limited number of genes through DNA rearrangement, cell division, differentiation and affinity maturation.
Antibody Diversity
Antibody variability
Auto-antibodies
Name the professional antigen presenting cells in the human body
B cells
Dendritic cells
Macrophages
basophils
What are the 3 drugs that you studied that can elicit auto-antibody production in certain patients?
benzocaine
Hydralazine
procainamide
isoniazid
Hydralazine is used as a -
anti-cancer
anti-hypertensive
anti-tuberculosis
gout treatment
Antigen stimulation of the B cells causes cell division and proliferation. Approximately how much mutation is/are observed per cell division in the hypervariable region of the heavy / light chains?
1
10
25
215
Which of the following Ig subclass mainly appears on the B cell membrane as it is released from the bone marrow?
IgG
IgM
IgD
IgE
IgA
B cell affinity maturation is dependent on which of the following?
Exposure and binding of antigen to antibodies on the B cell surface
VDJ gene rearrangement in the heavy chain locus
VJ gene rearrangement in the light chain locus
All of the above
Antibody diversity is possible due to____
VDJ gene rearrangement
VJ gene rearrangement
Antigen-induced B cell proliferation
Somatic hyper-mutation during B- cell proliferation
T/F: In adults, hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and also in the liver.
True
False
Which of the following cell types can be produced from myeloid progenitor as well as lymphoid progenitor cells?
Neutrophils
Basophils
RBCs
Dendritic cells
Which of the following is not a myeloid progenitor cell?
Neutrophils
Natural Killer cells
eiosinophils
macrophages
T/F: Neutrophil is not an example of mononuclear phagocytic cell
True
False
Which of the following granulocytes is mainly involved in fighting against infection by parasites?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Macrophages
T/F: Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions.
True
False
Which of the following is not correct with regard to macrophages?
Macrophages are derived from monocytes
Macrophages represent the majority of WBCs in the blood.
Macrophages can live in the tissues (outside blood vessels) for months
Macrophages can present antigen to T cells
T/F: Spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ.
True
False
Which of the following is/are the primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
It is a congenital birth defect where thymus fails to develop. Patients have no circulating T cells.
Cerebral Palsy
DiGeorge syndrome
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Multiple sclerosis
T/F: Thymus size increases from teen years to 65 years
True
False
Which of the following is/are not true with regard to the neutrophils?
Neutrophils are phagocytes
They have multilobulated nuclei (2-5 segments)
Neutrophil is a professional antigen presenting cell (APC)
The primary granules in the neutrophils contain defensins and lysozyme; both are bactericidal peptides/proteins.
Which of the following immune cells are mainly involved in causing allergic reactions?
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Mast cells/basophils
Monocytes
RBCs
CD4 (Clusters of differentiation 4) protein is expressed in which of the following cell types?
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
B cells
Eosinophils
T/F: Natural killer cells are important mediators of innate immune response; but they also have the ability to increase the efficiency of adaptive immune response.
True
False
Compounds and molecules are in the surface of pathogens, and which are recognized by cells of the innate immune system.
macrophages
NKs
PAMPs
dendritic cells
T/F: Opsonins that coat the pathogens are examples of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
True
False
Which of the following are correct with regard to pattern recognition receptors (PRR)
PRR are important for innate immune response
PRR are important for phagocytosis
PRR recognize pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMPs
All of the above
T/F: Naïve B cells mean that these B cells have not been exposed to antigens.
True
False
T/F: The production of B cells in the bone marrow and release into the blood stream is an antigen independent process.
True
False
T/F: The process of affinity maturation and B cell proliferation that occur in the secondary lymphoid organs is an antigen-dependent process.
True
False
Give two examples of passive immunity that occurs naturally.
Transfer of IgA from mother milk to the infant
Transfer of the IgG from the mother to the fetus through the placenta
Transfer of IgD from mother milk to the infant
Transfer of the IgM from the mother to the fetus through the placenta
T/F: In an antibody, antigen binds to the amino-terminal region of the heavy and light chains.
True
False
Regarding monocytes, which of the following is incorrect?
They are myeloid in origin.
Monocytes contain multilobulated nucleus and in their cytoplasm have granules.
Monocytes are found in the blood circulation and spend 8-72 hours before they migrate into tissues
Differentiated monocytes are called macrophages.
Which of the following are secondary lymphoid organs/tissues?
Lymph nodes
Spleen
MALT
All the above
Paracortex of the lymph nodes contain which of the following cell types?
T cells
Dendritic cells
B cells
RBCS
What is the difference between an antigen and an immunogen-
An antigen is an antibody generator and elicits the production of an antibody.
An immunogen may or may not elicit the production of an antibody.
An immunogen may simply elicit a cell-mediated immune response or a humoral response.
All of the above
What is the difference between affinity and avidity?
Avidity-overall strength (accumulated strength of multiple affinities) due to interaction between antibody and multiple epitopes.
Affinity-strength due to interaction between antibody and single epitope.
Avidity - strength due to interaction between antibody and single epitope.
Affinity - overall strength (accumulated strength of multiple affinities) due to interaction between antibody and multiple epitopes.
T/F: All antigens can elicit the production of an antibody.
True
False
an autoimmune disease where the patients have overactive T cells and release cytokines which in turn cause excessive inflammation and proliferation of skin cells.
Cerebral Palsy
Multiple sclerosis
psoriasis
sickle cell anemia
Complementarity determining region (CDR) is located in which part of an antibody molecule?
Amino terminal portion
Carboxy-terminal region
Not present in an antibody
Near the framework region
NK cells have the ability to cause antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity because___
NK cells have FcgRIII receptors which are receptors for IgG
NK cells can bind to opsonized (IgG bound) pathogen infected cell
NK cells, through interactions with target cells can infuse proteases to kill the target cell
All of the above
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) can be found in______
Walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract)
Walls of the pharynx (tonsils)
Walls of the intestine (Peyer’s patch)
Walls of the appendix
Walls of the genitourinary tract
Which of the following is/are correct with regard to hapten?
They combine with large proteins to make new epitopes
Examples of drugs that can act as haptens include- hydralazine, isoniazid and procainamide.
Haptens bound to proteins are taken up by antigen-presenting cells for presentation of antigens to T cells.
All of the above
Which of the following are correct with regard to pattern recognition receptors (PRR)?
PRR recognize pathogen associated molecular patters (PAMPs
PRR are important for innate immune response
PRR are present in the cell surface involved in phagocytosis
All of the above
Immunoglobulins protect the body by which of the following mechanisms?
Agglutination of the pathogens by clumping
Compliment activation to cause bacterial lysis
Neutralization of toxins
Opsonization and assist in macrophage-mediated phagocytosis
Examples of mononuclear agranulocytes are____
Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Dendritic cells
Which of the following is not correct with regard to thymus and/or its functions?
Thymus is located in the abdominal cavity in the left quadrant of the abdomen.
In the thymus, immature T cells mature into cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells.
The thymus function is maximum at puberty; but decreases significantly after puberty
In a person who is 65 years old, the T cell output is about 2% as compared to the T cell output in a newborn infant; and hence they (elderly) are more prone to infection.
During the development of B cells from the immature to mature state (still naïve = not exposed to new antigens); which of the following immunoglobulin isotypes is mainly expressed first on the cell surface?
IgM
IgE
IgA
IgG
The lymphatic system is a one way system and lymph always flows away from the heart.
True
False
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ______
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Efferent lymphatic vessels
The cortical sinus’
The subscapular sinus
Peyer’s patches are found in the ______
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
spleen
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ____
Lymphoid follicles
Lymph Nodes
Axillary Nodes
Spleen
The main functions of immune system include
Survey tissues for foreign material
Differentiate self from non-self (antigens)
Trapping and destroy foreign antigens
Store memory cells so that a second immune reaction upon infection can be mounted with rapid and greater response.
Which of the following are considered polymorphonuclear granulocytes?
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Macrophages
Which of the following antibodies can activate complements?
IgG
IgD
IgE
IgA
Which of the following is an anaphylatoxin?
C1s
C3a
C3b
C2b
Which of the following are the effector functions of complements?
Opsonization
Formation of membrane attack complex in target cells such as bacterial cells.
Activation of inflammatory responses
Assist in the clearance of anti-gen-antibody complexes
Which of the following pathway(s) can activate complements without the mediation of antibodies?
Lectin pathway
Alternative pathway
classical pathway
Prolactin pathway
sites present in the secondary lymphoid follicles, lymph nodes, spleen and other lymphoid tissues where mature B cells undergo rapid proliferation upon binding to antigens. It is in the germinal centers B cells undergo proliferation, somatic hyper-mutation, differentiation, affinity maturation to give plasma cells that are capable of secreting antibodies.
neuronal centers
germinal centers
nephron cleft
mutation center
As the B cells are released from the bone marrow into the blood stream, what immunoglobulin class is mainly expressed on the cell surface?
IgM
Small amounts of IgD
IgE
IgA
Is the maturation of B cells (express only IgM on the plasma membrane) in the bone marrow before their release into the blood circulation, an antigen dependent process or antigen independent process?
antigen dependent process
antigen independent process
Is the expression of the IgE, IgD and IgG by B cells which occur in the peripheral tissues (lymphoid organs/tissues), an antigen dependent or independent process?
antigen dependent process
antigen independent process
When lymphoid progenitor cells undergo differentiation to give B cells expressing IgM class immunoglobulins, they undergo VDJ recombination in the heavy chain genes and the VJ recombination in the light chain genes. In which lymphoid organ, this recombination event occurs?
Liver
Bone Marrow
Spleen
Pancreas
Affinity maturation of B cells occur In which lymphoid organs/lymphoid tissues?
primary lymphoid tissues
secondary lymphoid tissues
