Font size
WorksheetsEcology and Evolution Agents of Evolutionary Change
Total questions: 83
Worksheet time: 1hrs 1mins
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
Deductive method:
begins with generalities, derives specific conclusions (theorems)
derives generalities from specific observations
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
Inductive method:
begins with generalities (axioms) and derives specific conclusions (theorems).
derives generalities from specific observations
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
If all men are mortal, and if Socrates is indeed a man, we can be absolutely certain that Socrates is mortal; this is an example of _ reasoning.
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
Proximate causes:
Why does a trait or mechanism exist?
How mechanism or phenomenon presently work.
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
Ultimate causes:
How mechanism or phenomenon presently work.
Why does a trait or mechanism exist?
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
_=just because there appears to be a relationship one may not exist
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
_=easily recognized consequence from an action
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
How do patterns develop?
Spatially:
diel, seasonal, inter annual
with changes in stratification, depth topography, geography, physiography
density-dependent, intra/interspecific relationships
tolerances or lockthereof
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
How do patterns develop?
Temporally:
diel, seasonal, inter annual
with changes in stratification, depth topography, geography, physiography
density-dependent, intra/interspecific relationships
tolerances or lockthereof
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
How do patterns develop?
Demographically:
diel, seasonal, inter annual
with changes in stratification, depth topography, geography, physiography
density-dependent, intra/interspecific relationships
tolerances or lockthereof
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
How do patterns develop?
Physiologically:
diel, seasonal, inter annual
with changes in stratification, depth topography, geography, physiography
density-dependent, intra/interspecific relationships
tolerances or lockthereof
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
culling out of variants (mutants) that are maladapted…..permanently dampening their frequency in the population
What is this the definition of?
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
A mutation rate that is too low prevents significant change between generations:
Evolution stagnates
Evolutionary chaos
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
A mutation rate that is too high results in offspring that have little (if any) resemblance to their parent, and are less likely to accumulate beneficial mutations:
evolutionary chaos
evolution stagnates
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
_=the filtration of heritable features by natural limiting factors (predominantly economic)
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
_=change in the frequency of an allele in a population over time and/or space
(a)
[ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LECTURE ONE PATTERNS]
_=a version of a gene found in the same place (locus) on matching chromosomes. (AA,Aa,aa.) For example, there might be a gene controlling hair color, and one allele produces brown hair while another produces black hair.
(a)
Maladaptive mutation is:
a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful.
a process that produces mutations that relieve the selective pressure whether or not other non selected mutations are also produced
a type of mutation that is neither detrimental nor beneficial
An adaptive mutation is:
a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful.
a process that produces mutations that relieve the selective pressure whether or not other non selected mutations are also produced
a type of mutation that is neither detrimental nor beneficial
A neutral mutation is:
a trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful.
a process that produces mutations that relieve the selective pressure whether or not other non selected mutations are also produced
a type of mutation that is neither detrimental nor beneficial
In 1802 he published "Natural Theology" which presented the theory of "irreducible complexity and the Watchmaker's scenario.
Charles Darwin
Eramus Darwin
William Paley
Charles Lyell
Wrote the book "Principles of Geology" which founded the theory that the Earth is millions of years old and constantly changing. Founded Uniformitarianism along with James Hutton.
Charles Lyell
William Paley
Erasmus Darwin
George Cuvier
Who wrote the theory of "Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics"
Charles Darwin
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Lyell
Eramus Darwin
_=Species are fixed and permanent
(a)
_=Everything designed for a purpose
(a)
_= believed that the universe existed because of the will and hand of the Creator
(a)
"The Principle of Plentitude":
God made just enough species to fill all the jobs on Earth
Organisms will behave well to reflect the will and skill of the Creator
"The Harmony of Nature":
God made just enough species to fill all the jobs on Earth
Organisms will behave well to reflect the will and skill of the Creator
_= violated the "Principle of Plentitude" and "Harmony of Nature"
(a)
_= was the founded of modern comparative anatomy and the father of paleontology
Georges-Louis Le Clerc
Eramus Darwin
Charles Lyell
Georges Cuvier
_=Change in allele frequency over time and/or space
(a)
Evolution is actually a change in frequencies of alleles in the _ of a population.
(a)
Which Allele is heterozygous?
BB
bb
Bb
Which Allele(s) are homozygous?
bb
BB
Bb
Five _ of Evolutionary Change:
Mutation
Gene Flow
Nonrandom mating
Genetic Drift
Selection
(a)
_ evolution = evolution by natural selection
(a)
_ selection= is a mode of negative natural selection in which an extreme phenotype is favored over other phenotypes
(a)
_= is any selective force or forces which push a population toward the average, or median trait.
(a)
_= is a specific type of natural selection that actively selects against the intermediate in a population, favoring both extremes of the spectrum.
(a)
_= the relative contribution by an individual's descendants to future generations
(a)
_'s Five Theories Proposed in "Origins"
1. The biological world is stochastic
2. Gradualism - A long time to accumulate change
3. Speciation is a population level phenomenon
4. Common descent
5. Natural selection (differential information transfer) (was most controversial)
(a)
The four main ideas of_'s evolutionary theory are variability in populations, overproduction of offspring, competition for resources and inheritance.
(a)
_ selection= positive feedback loop of sexual selection
(a)
The _ hypothesis is a hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposed in 1973, that species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive while pitted against ever-evolving opposing species.
Red Queen
Painted Count
Blue King
Red Prince
_= ornamentation may connote greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism
sexual selection
"Good Genes"
Red Queen Hypothesis
Runaway selection
_= defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Biological Species Concept
Natural selection
natural filtration
Sexual dimorphism
_= a discontinuous genetic variation resulting in the occurrence of several different forms or types of individuals among the members of a single species.
Bateman's Principle
Disruptive Selection
Polymorphism
Evolution of Female Preference
_'s fundamental theorem of natural selection is an idea about genetic variance in population genetics developed by the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.
(a)
_'s principle, which states that male reproductive success should increase with multiple mating, whereas female reproductive success should not, has long been used to explain sex differences in behavior.
(a)
_= variation within a population where different individuals in the population have distinctly different structures, colors, biochemistry, etc. but clearly belong to the same population since they reproduce with one another.
(a)
_ variation = populations in different areas look different from each other
(a)
_ zones = geographic areas where two distinctly different forms of organism contact each other and interbreed.
(a)
_ = geographic areas where two distinctly different forms of organism contact each other and interbreed.
Hybrid Zones
Geographic Variation
polymorphism
lek
A _ unit: a group of potential mates
(a)
A _ unit, a gene pool, separated from others by reproductive barriers
genetic
reproductive
polymorphic
geographic
A(n) _ unit; interacts in a predictable way with other species in the environment
reproductive
polymorphic
genetic
ecological
_: the theoretical study of classification
(a)
_: the natural, evolutionary relationships between groups of living things
(a)
_: the natural, evolutionary relationships between groups of living things
Hybrid Zones
Phylogeny
Taxonomy
Systematics
_= combination of phylogenetic relationship and overall similarity - branching tree
Cladistics
Classical evolutionary taxonomy
Phenetics
Genetics
_= (Ernst Mayr) Method of classification in which taxa are grouped together with other taxa that they most closely resemble phenotypically (observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism)
Classical evolutionary taxonomy
Phenetics
Cladistics
_: (Willi Hennig) Inferred recency of common ancestry
Polymorphism
Cladistics
Classical Evolutionary Taxonomy
Phenetics
_ = the development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin.
Homoplasy
Convergent evolution
Homology
_ = the development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin.
(a)
_ = similarity of the structure, physiology, or development of different species of organisms based upon their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor.
Homoplasy
Homology
Convergent Evolution
Polymorphism
_ traits = those traits that are shared by two or more different species that share a common ancestor.
example: human arm, dolphin flipper, bat wing
(a)
_ = classifies species using observable characteristics (molecular, phenotypic, or anatomical)
(a)
_ = can be defined as the study of the pathways of evolution
(a)
_ = a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species.
Cladogram
Cladistics
Phenetics
Ancestry tree
_ = a characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants.
Unique trait
Synapomorphies
Cladistics
Homologous trait
Cladistic Groups:
_ = (of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, especially one not shared with any other group.
Paraphyletic
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
Cladistic Groups:
_ = (of a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.
Paraphyletic
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
Cladistic Groups:
_ = (of a group of organisms) descended from a common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group, but not including all the descendant groups.
Paraphyletic
Monophyletic
Polyphyletic
A _ is a homologous structure that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade
example: all mammals have a backbone, but so do other vertebrates
shared primitive character
Cladogram
shared derived character
homologous trait
A _ is a new evolutionary feature, unique to a particular group.
example: All mammals have hair, and no other animals have hair.
shared primitive character
Cladogram
shared derived character
homologous trait
In phylogenetics, a _ (or ancestral) character, trait, or feature of a lineage or taxon is one that is inherited from the common ancestor of a clade (or clade group) and has undergone little change since.
Primitive
Ancestral trait
Monophyletic
_ are groups that share derived characteristics and form a subset within a larger group.
(a)
A _ is a unit of common evolutionary descent.
Primitive
Clade
Phenetic
Cladogram
A _ is a derived character that is shared by all the members of the clade.
Example: The presence of mammary glands is a _ for mammals.
Synapomorphy
Primitive
Homologous Trait
_ uses synapomorphies to establish common ancestry.
(a)
_ group: includes ALL descendants of an ancestor
(a)
_ group: does NOT contain ALL descendants
(a)
A _ group is a pair of taxa that are most closely related to each other.
monophyletic
sister
phonetic
homologous
