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WorksheetsCell Biology
Total questions: 187
Worksheet time: 2hrs 9mins
cells are...
Complex factories that carry out functions of life, most basic unit of all living things
located between plasma membrane and the nucleus
specialized structures that preform specific functions
super large
Plasma Membrane(Cell Membrane): forms the (a) boundary of the cell, where the cell interreacts with external environment
Nucleus: located (a) of the cell and directs cell activities
T or F? Cytoplasm is located between plasma membrane and the nucleus
True
False
specialized structures that preform specific functions
organisms
organelles
cells
lipid bilayer is composed of...
phospholipids and cholesteryl
proteins
amino acids
which organelle
- functions as the outer boundary of the cell
- controls the entry and exit of substances
- functions in intercellular communication
- enable cells to recognize one another
golgi apparatus
lysosomes
plasma membrane
mitochondria
chromatin: dispersed, thin strands of (a) and associated proteins
T or F? the nucleolus acts as the control center of the cell
True
False
Cell (a) and energy use:
- Involves all chemical reactions that occur within a cell
Many metabolic reactions have energy released through (a) which helps maintain body temp
(a) of molecules:
- Different cells of the body synthesize various types of molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, lipids)
- Structural and functional characteristics of cells are determined by the types of molecules they produce
Cells communicate through chemical and energy signals
synthesis
chemical reaction
reproduction
communication
(a) and inheritance:
- Most cells contain DNA molecules of an individual
- DNA determines the structural and functional characteristics of the cell
-Inheritance is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next through gametes
T or F? cells have the same genetic code even after cell division
(a)
what equipment do we use to see cells?
camera
microscope
magnifying glass
x ray
_____ microscopes(light is used to produce an image): regularly used to examine biopsy specimens
________ microscopes(beams of electrons are used to produce an image): used to see objects that are much smaller than a cell
(a)
T or F? The cytoplasm of a cell is different from the extracellular environment
(a)
(a) potential: an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane which is a result of a cell's regulation of ion movement into and out of the cell
More ________ ion along the outside of the plasma membrane while there are more __________ charged ion and proteins along the inside the plasma membrane
(a)
The plasma membrane consists primarily of ______ and _______ (45-50%) with a very small amount of _____________ (4-8%)
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
carbohydrates
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
lipids
proteins
amino acids
Carbohydrates + lipids =
glycoproteins
glycolipids
the collection of glycolipids and glycoproteins is called...
(a)
There are two predominant lipids of the plasma membrane: _____________ and ___________
(a)
Phospholipids readily assemble to form a lipid bilayer(double layer of phospholipid molecules) since they have a _____ head and a ________ tail
(a)
These polar heads are attracted to water molecules making they (a) (water-loving) heads which are exposed to the extracellular fluid in the cytoplasm of the cell (both are aqueous solutions)
The nonpolar tails are not attracted to water molecules making them (a) (water-fearing) which face each other in the interior of the plasma membrane
receptor associates with the G protein complex, what step is this in the
1
2
3
4
5
A ligand is a (a)
Selectively permeable means ______
only some substances can pass through
only some substances can pass through
Diffusion, active transport and endocytosis are all mechanisms for ______
copying genetic information
making ATP
moving substances across the membrane
catalyzing enzymatic reactions
When a lipid soluble molecule encounters the lipid bilayer, ______
the substance can pass through the membrane if there is an appropriate channel for it
it dissolves into the membrane
it is repelled by the membrane
T or F? Active transport does not requires ATP
(a)
Activated G protein complexes make changes (a) a cell
Large, non-lipid-soluble molecules and small pieces of matter are transported across the cell membrane by...
vesicles
transport proteins
channels
Endocytosis is an example of
passive transport
active transport
vesicular transport
Movement of material into or out of a cell using a vesicle and ATP
(a)
Movement of substances from areas of lower to higher concentration with the use of an ATP-powered pump.
(a)
Movement of a substance from areas of lower to higher concentration along with an ion that moves from an area of higher to lower concentration.
(a)
Identify the passive transport mechanism that requires a carrier protein that exhibits specificity, saturation and competition
(a)
Oxygen levels in inhaled air in the lungs is much higher than oxygen levels in the capillary blood. Capillary blood has a much higher concentration of carbon dioxide than air in the lungs. Predict what will happen?
Oxygen will diffuse out of the capillaries.
Oxygen will diffuse into the capillaries.
Identify the types of substances that require vesicles for transport across the cell membrane - select all that apply
Small pieces of matter
Large molecules
Non-lipid soluble molecules
Phospholipids and cholesterol
T or F? A concentration gradient occurs when the solute are not evenly distributed in a solvent
True
False
How does passive transport compare to active transport with regard to energy expenditure?
Passive transport uses energy to transport large, charged molecules. Active transport only carriers small molecule
Passive transport always acts as a symport and uses ATP.
Passive transport does not require ATP; active transport does.
Both active and passive transport require ADP.
Molecules can pass through the plasma membrane by (a)
What effect does increasing the temperature of a solution have on its solutes?
Increasing temperature has no effect on diffusion since both solvent and solute molecules are heated at the same time
Increasing temperature decreases diffusion
Increasing temperature increases diffusion of solutes
The sugar concentration in your glass of ice tea is very high at the bottom and low at the top. This concentration distribution is an example of a
facilitated diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmotic equilibrium
concentration gradient
T or F? A fluid with a low viscosity flows more easily than a fluid with high viscosity
True
False
ATP is necessary for ______ transport, but not necessary for ______ transport
active, passive
passive, active
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane
(a)
Diffusion, active transport and endocytosis are all mechanisms for
catalyzing enzymatic reactions
moving substances across the membrane
copying genetic information
making ATP
Membrane channel proteins called aquaporins are specialized for the passage of (a) molecules
Diffusion rate will increase as the size of the molecule (a)
The force required to prevent water from moving across a cell membrane is called ______ pressure
osmotic
hydrostatic
gravitational
Diffusion occurs more ______ in viscous solvents than in watery solvent
slowly
quickly
If two solutions of differing concentrations of solute are separated by a semi-permeable membrane, the solution with the lower concentration solute and the higher concentration of solvent is referred to as being
(a)
Channels of membrane proteins specialized for the passage of water are called
carrier proteins
ligand-gated channels
aquaporins
Solutions with the same osmotic pressures are
(a)
What is osmotic pressure
The response of enzymes to ATP
The force expended by the G protein complex when a receptor has been activated
The force exerted by the nucleoplasm during DNA transcription
The force needed to keep water from moving by osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane
A cell will ______ when placed into a hypertonic solution
swell
shrink
The measurement of a fluid's resistance to flow is referred to as its
(a)
If the concentration of a solute is greater than the concentration of the intracellular environment of a cell, the solution is
hyposmotic
hypotonic
hyperosmotic
isosmotic
As the concentration gradient of a diffusing substance decreases, the rate of diffusion (a)
What is mediated transport
The movement of vesicles by intermediate filaments
The process of peptide synthesis on the surface of the ribosome
The movement of molecules across a membrane by means of a protein carrier.
Movement of proteins through the cisterns of the endoplasmic reticulum
A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This causes the cell to ______
gain water
lose water
T or F? A fluid with a low viscosity flows more easily than a fluid with high viscosity
true
false
Amino acids ______ enter the cell by directly diffusing through the plasma membrane
can
cannot
T or F: Like diffusion, active transport only moves substances along their concentration gradient
true
false
Large molecules move across cell membrane with the help or assistance of protein carriers. This type of transport is generically called
(a)
The movement of sodium and glucose from the lumen of the intestine into epithelial cells is an example of (a) active transport
The sodium-potassium pump is an example of ______ transport
active
passive
The type of endocytosis that engulfs water in small vesicles is called
pinocytosis
phagocytosis
Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both forms of (a)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis is ______
specific
non specific
How do pinocytosis and phagocytosis differ?
Pinocytosis involves small soluble molecules and small vesicles while phagocytosis involves larger solid particles.
Phagocytosis requires the expenditure of ATP, pinocytosis does not.
ll cells perform pinocytosis, but only red blood cells can do phagocytosis.
Phagocytosis involves small soluble molecules and small vesicles while pinocytosis involves larger solid particles.
What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A form of facilitated diffusion that requires ATP and a channel protein.
The movement of molecules out of a cell packaged in a vesicle.
the movement of molecules out of a cell packaged in a vesicle.
A form of endocytosis triggered when a molecule binds to a specific membrane receptor.
Which is a function of the cytoskeleton?
Storing ribosomes
Production of ATP
Packaging of proteins into vesicles
Movement of cell organelles
The secretion of digestive enzymes by the cells of the pancreas and mucus by the cells of the salivary glands are examples of
endocytosis
exocytosis
osmosis
facilitated transport
Which component of the cytoskeleton produces the internal scaffolding of the cell, is involved in cell division and is a component of the centrioles and spindle fibers?
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
The cellular material outside the nucleus but inside the plasma membrane that contains the organelles and cytosol is called
(a)
What is cytosol?
Multiple choice question.
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing the cytoskeleton
The fluid portion of the cytoplasm containing the organelles
The fluid matrix found within the nuclear membrane
Cytoskeletal filaments that are about 10 nm in diameter and provide mechanical strength to a cell are (a) filaments
Aggregates of chemicals either produced by or taken in by the cell (such as lipid droplets, glycogen granules, and pigments) are classified as ______
inclusions
organelles
vesicles
T or F: All organelles are surrounded by a membrane
(a)
In order for a cell to change its shape, which of the following must occur?
Phospholipids must be removed from the membrane.
Actin filaments must be broken down and reconstructed.
New membrane-associated proteins must be manufactured.
The plasma membrane must be broken down and rebuilt.
What supports the extensions of nerve cells?
(a)
What is a cytoplasmic inclusion?
Chemicals, minerals and other compounds produced in or stored in the cytoplasm
An organelle necessary for cell functioning
A ribosome or any other sub-microscopic organelle
Waste products that are isolated in one area of the cell awaiting vesicular transport out of the cell
A chromosome is a complex of ___ and _______
(a)
How does RNA leave the nucleus?
nuclear pore
exocytosis
endocytosis
The function of intermediate filaments is to ______
provide mechanical strength to cells
define the shape of the cell
aid is cell division
Melanin is considered a(n) ______
organelle
part of the cytoskeleton
microtubule
cytoplasmic inclusion
During most of a cell's life, when it is not dividing, its DNA and associated proteins is(are) called
messenger RNA
histones
chromatin
glycogen
A region of the nucleus that contains the DNA from which ribosomes are produced
(a)
What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
(2 correct answers)
RNA carries information from the cytoplasm to the nucleus
DNA resides solely in the nucleus
DNA resides in the cytoplasm
RNA carries information from nucleus to the cytoplasm
Ribosomes are free or bound to the (a)
a nucleus ______ a surrounding membrane?
has
lacks
How does RNA leave the nucleus?
nuclear pores
exocytosis
diffusion
ribosomes synthesis (a)
DNA is the cell's master set of instructions and is stored in the ______; RNA, however, carries information into the______
nucleus, cytoplasm
nucleus, nucleolus
cytoplasm, nucleus
nucleolus, nucleus
cells must be able to (a)
The type of endoplasmic reticulum that lacks ribosomes, synthesizes steroids and other lipids, as well as detoxifying alcohol and other drugs is called (a) endoplasmic reticulum
What is the term used to describe a small generic membrane-bound structure that transports substances to the plasma membrane for release by exocytosis?
Proteosome granule
Secretory vesicle
Centrosome
Chromatid
Ribosomes make.....
proteins
lipids
cholesterol
carbohydrates
The membrane-bounded organelle containing a mixture of enzymes that function in digesting foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles is a __________
ribosome
peroxisome
lysosome
sugars stick to.....
proteins/lipids
ribosomes
Organs like the liver and kidney cells contain cells that are active in detoxification. These cells contain a large number of ______
peroxisomes
lysosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
Which organelle is responsible for modifying and packaging newly synthesized proteins?
(a)
PROteasomes break down ______
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
bacteria
Secretory vesicles pinch off the ______
golgi apparatus
smooth ER
nucleus
The organelles in the cell that are specialized for synthesizing ATP are called
mitochondria
ribosomes
lysosomes
intercellular communication is (a) cells
The inner mitochondrial membrane usually has folds called ______ that project into the interior of the organelle
cristae
matrix
You are a histologist studying muscle tissue biopsied from a student volunteers. One volunteer was an amateur athlete who actively engages in intramural sports for about 15 hours a week. The other volunteer was less athletic and spends only about an hour a week in athletic activities. Which of these volunteers would have the most mitochondria per muscle cell?
The muscle cells in the student that participates in regular exercise has an increased energy demand and an increased number of mitochondria
The muscle cells in the less athletic student would have more mitochondria but they would be smaller
The barrel-like protein complexes found within the cytoplasm that break down and recycle other proteins within the cell are referred to as ______
ribosomes
microvilli
intermediate filaments
proteasomes
A small cylindrical organelle composed of microtubules
(a)
Energy, in the form of ATP, is produced primarily in the cell's (a)
The region around the nucleus where the microtubules form is called the ______
interphase
centrosome
nucleolus
mitochondrion
Microtubules that extend from the centrosome and attach to the chromosomes
(a)
Cilia line the respiratory and the ______ tract.
digestive
female repro
lymphatic
urinary
The only cells in humans with flagella are (a) cells
Two centrioles make up one...
microtubule
centrosome
chromosome
lysosome
Pinocytosis = cell (a)
Hint: pinot grigio
Extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area are called
microvilli
cilia
flagella
microtubules
The whiplike tail of a sperm is called a
(a)
The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring is called
gene expression
heredity
mutations
Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from ______
DNA to tRNA
tRNA to mRNA
mRNA to tRNA
DNA to mRNA
During transcription, the enzyme ______ synthesizes molecules of RNA complementary to the DNA sequence
ligase
DNA polymerase
helicase
RNA polymerase
Regions of the mRNA that do not code for any protein are called (a)
The production of proteins from information stored in DNA is called (a) expression
RNA polymerase is essential for synthesis of ______ from _____
RNA, DNA
DNA, RNA
DNA, DNA
RNA, RNA
Pre-mRNA ______ exons
contains
does not contain
Regions of the mRNA that code for proteins are called (a)
A three-base sequence in mRNA is called a
(a)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic instructions from ________
DNA to mRNA
mRNA to tRNA
mRNA to DNA
DNA to tRNA
Which is a start codon?
AUG
GAG
TAT
Pre-mRNA is messenger RNA that is composed of ______
introns and exons
exons only
introns but not exons
Conversion of a nucleotide sequences in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids is known as ______
translation
replication
transcription
T or F: The codon AUG not only codes for the amino acid methionine, but also serves as a stop codon
true
false
The form of mRNA that contains both introns and exons is called
neo-mRNA
pre-mRNA
nascent mRNA
At one end of each tRNA, there is a sequence of three nucleotides known as the (a)
How many base sequences are in one anticodon?
1
2
3
4
The modification of protein after synthesis to produce a functional protein or active enzyme
(a)
The DNA coding for hemoglobin is expressed in ______ cells
only red blood
all
most
One mRNA can have 10 or 20 ribosomes attached to it. This complex is called a (a)
What is the cell life cycle?
The changes that occur in the cell from the time it forms until it produces 2 new cells
The cell cycle describes the transcription of DNA and the production of protein
Prophase, metaphase and anaphase are the stages of the cell cycle
Events that occur in the cell after it forms until it dies
What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
A cell leaves the cell cycle and ceases to divide
The cell carries out routine metabolic activities. DNA is replicated in preparation for cell division to occur
A cell synthesizes enzymes that control cell division as well as checks and repairs the newly copied DNA; both prepare the cell to divide
The nucleus divides
A cell makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA during ______ phase of the cell cycle.
S
M
anaphase
telophase
In the G0 phase, cells cease to divide
true
false
The cell prepares for cell division during which gap phase?
one
two
What does the cell make during the S phase?
DNA
RNA
organelles
Cells that leave the cell cycle and cease to divide for days or years are said to be in the Blank______ phase
G0
G2
S
M
Name the phase of the cell cycle that runs from the end of cytokinesis to the beginning of the next prophase
(a)
What occurs during the G2 phase of the cell cycle?
The cell carries out routine metabolic activities. DNA is replicated in preparation for cell division to occur
A cell synthesizes enzymes that control cell division as well as checks and repairs the newly copied DNA; both prepare the cell to divide
The nucleus divides
A cell leaves the cell cycle and ceases to divide
In DNA replication ______
a shorter version of DNA is made
an exact copy of DNA is made
What is the function of the DNA polymerase?
It splices DNA fragments
It splices RNA fragments
It catalyzes synthesis of new RNA strands
It catalyzes production of new DNA strands
During the synthesis (S) phase of the cell cycle a cell
makes a duplicate copy of its centrioles and all of its nuclear DNA
synthesizes enzymes that control cell division as well as checks and repairs the newly copied DNA
leaves the cell cycle and ceases to divide
forms two nuclei
DNA ligase works on the ______ strand of DNA.
leading
lagging
What are the two major events of cell division?
Synthesis and meiosis
Translation and transcription
Mitosis and cytokinesis
DNA (a) splices Okazaki fragments together during DNA replication
DNA polymerase makes the leading strand of DNA Blank______
longer
shorter
The kinetochore is a ______ structure.
lipid
monosaccharide
DNA
protein
A cell replicates its DNA then divides to form two daughter cells each of which contains one copy of the newly generated DNA
(a)
Mitosis is the division of ______
cells nucleus
cells cytoplasm
What is the name of a protein associated with chromosomes that allows for the attachment of microtubules?
Leading strand
Kinetochore
Actin
DNA lingase
True or false: The DNA of the daughter cells contains a new strand of the cell's DNA and a strand from the parent cell
true
false
chromatids are (a) copies
The first sign of cytokinesis is a ______
kinetochore
centriole
spindle appratus
cleavage furrow
Programmed cell death is ______
meiosis
cytokinesis
apoptosis
mitosis
Cytokinesis is the division of the cell's ______ to form two cells
cytoplasm
cell
membrane
cytoplasms
During (a) chromosomes align along midline of cell
One hypothesis on aging suggests that what type of genes are turned on late in life causing cells to deteriorate?
Mitochondrial genes
Death genes
Cellular clock genes
Radical genes
Apoptosis is a(n) ______ process
normal
abnormal
One of the major sources of DNA damage is (a) , which are atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons
mRNA stands for (a)
endo
in
out
exo
in
out
plasma membrane is (a) permeable
isotonic
cell swells
cell shrinks
neither swell or shrink
hypotonic
swell
shrink
neither swell or shrink
hypertonic
swell
shrink
neither swell or shrink
mediated transport process carried out by carrier/channel proteins; no ATP required
(a)
facilitated diffusion
Amino acids and glucose in, manufactured proteins out
proteins in, manufactured amino acids and glucose out
Name this step of facilitated diffusion:
A glucose molecule enters a carrier protein from the extracellular fluid
The glucose binds to the carrier protein
1
2
3
4
Name this step in facilitated diffusion:
The carrier protein changes shape and releases the glucose molecule into the cell
The carrier protein then resumes its original shape to transport additional glucose molecules
1
2
3
4
T or F? active diffusion requires ATP
(a)
active transport concentration gradient
low to high
high to low
T or F: the sodium potassium pump is an example of
active transport
diffusion
osmosis
