Living organisms that are generally too small to be seen without a microscope

Dismissed the idea that disease was caused by supernatural forces rather caused by an imbalance within the patients or their environment

Father of western medicine

Father of scientific history

Observed that survivors of Athenian plague did not get re-infected with the disease even when taking care of actively sick people

One of the first people to propose the concept of things that we cannot see that can cause disease

Wrote a book where he warned people to take caution when going to a murphy swamp

The first to describe observations of bacteria using a microscope in 1675

Developed a single lens microscope

First to experiment with microbes which he originally called animalcules (means small animals) or wee little beasties

Articulate the theory of spontaneous generation

Refers to the belief that several living creatures could arise from nonliving matter

Demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying mean only when flies can lay eggs on the meat

Claimed that, microorganisms could rise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth

Repeated Needham’s experiments and suggested that results were due to microorganism in the air entering his broth.

Demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere

Proved and demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have not been contaminated by existing life

Performed the “swan-neck flask experiment” that disapproves the spontaneous generation theory

Proposed that there is no such thing as a life force, vital force

Observed that plant material was composed of cells

He coined the term cell in his book micrographia

The term cell comes from the Latin word for room which is Celia

Concluded that all plants are composed of cells

German botanist who made an extensive microscopic observation of plant tissues

Concluded that animal tissues are composed of cells and founded the idea that cells are the fundamental components of plants and animals

A noted German physiologist and made a similar microscopic observation of animal tissue

In 1852, a prominent neurologist and embryologist published convincing evidence that cells are derived from other cells as a result of cell division

Popularized the concepts of cell theory in his essay “cellular pathology” using the phrase “omnis cellula a cellula” which means all cells arrived from cells

Italian physician in his essay, proposed, in that seed-like “spores” maybe transferred between individuals through direct contact, exposure to contaminated clothing, or through air

Promoted washing of hands before medical procedures (childbirth) to prevent puerperal fever to mothers

Father of handwashing

Conducted studies to track the source of cholera outbreaks in London

Father of epidemiology (study of a population and the diseases associated with them)

The first to perform an epidemiological study and resulting to a public health response to an outbreak.

Introduced aseptic surgery (he insisted on handwashing and extreme cleanliness during surgery)

Began using carbolic acid (now known as phenol) as antiseptic during surgery

Demonstrated that fermentation is caused by microorganisms

Also found that yeast ferments sugar to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize alcohol to acetic acid

Developed vaccines, treatments for disease, several strains of microorganisms with unique properties

Father of modern microbiology

a process used to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage

Was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease

Anthrax

Cholera

Tuberculosis

observes cork cells under a microscope

- observes single celled organism

demonstrates that cholera bacteria were transmitted in contaminated drinking water

discovers microbial fermentation while studying the causes of spoilage in beer and wine

begins early version of germ theory in De Contagione et Contagiosis Morbis

demonstrates that hand washing reduces puerperal infections

- disproves spontaneous generation with swan-neck falsk experiment

begins using carbolic acid as disinfectant during surgery

his workers determine causative agents for many bacterial infections

Study of bacteria

study of algae

study of viruses

study of fungi

study of protozoans

study of helminths and parasites

study of immune system

- the study of the classification on microorganisms and how they function

the study of pathogens, the diseases caused by them, and the body’s defense against them

study of the spread and control of diseases among animals

study of the beneficial and harmful roles of microns in soil formation and fertility

- includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the purification of water supplies

study of the function of microorganisms, the structure of DNA and the science of genetics in general

includes soil, air, water, sewage, food and dairy microbiology

Most common microscope used in microbiology, it uses two sets of lenses; ocular and objective

Also known as brightfield microscope

Shows a light silhouette of an organism against a dark background

Uses a specialized condenser to enhance differences in the refractive indices of the cell’s parts and surroundings

Provide a colored, 3D image of the object being observed.

Uses fluorochromes and ultraviolet light

One of the highest resolution microscope

Produces greater magnification than light microscope

One of the highest magnification than electron microscope

Produces images by measuring feedback from sharp probes that interact with the specimen

The classification, description, identification, and naming of living organisms.

Developed a taxonomic system for categorizing organisms into related groups

Developed a new way to categorize plants and animals

Developed a new way to categorize plants and animals

Invented binomial system of writing (genus and species)

wrote general morphology of organisms, proposing four kingdoms

Proposed adding a fifth kingdom- fungi- to the tree of life

Used a small subunit ribosomal RNA to create a phylogenetic tree that groups organisms into three domains based on their genetic similarity,

Most bacterial cells have a cell envelope consisting of a cell wall and an underlying cytoplasmic membrane

Physical and metabolic barrier between the interior and exterior of the cell

Provides protection and resistance to lysis by osmotic shock

Imparts shape to most bacterial cells

Made of phospholipids

Made of peptidoglycan

Viscous aqueous suspension of protein, nucleic acid, dissolved organic compounds, mineral salts

It is a lipoprotein molecule that contains the genetic code or DNA

Self replicating circular DNA

Involves in horizontal gene transfer

Centers for protein synthesis

Complex globular structures composed of several RNA molecules and many associated proteins

Prokaryotic ribosomes are approximately 20 nm in diameter. Coefficient of sedimentation is 70 svedberg units (S). composed of 50s and 30s.

Responsible for motility

Responsible for “run and tumble” motility of some microorganisms

Also known as glycocalyx or slime layer if loose

A gelatinous substance made up of polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

Also known as fimbriae

Hair like structure on cell

rod shaped

spherical

- curve like a comma

corkscrew flagella

coiled spring without flagella

chain

resembles fence and angular pattern and may resembles chines writing; Diphtheria bacilli

- grape-like cluster

cubical pockets of eights

the use of one dye to stain the organism

the use of 2 or more dyes to stain the organism

who developed gram stain

One of the oldest and most useful methods of staining bacteria

Used to stain Mycobacterium and Nocardia

Breaking down

Building up

Complex -> simple energy

Simple -> complex energy requiring

A series of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions called biochemical pathways store energy in and release energy from organic molecules.

Used to metabolize five-carbon sugars

1 ATP and 12 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose

1 ATP and 2 NADPH molecules are produced from one glucose molecule

Decarboxylation of pyruvic acid produces one CO2 molecule and one acetyl group.

Glycerol is derived from dihydroxyacetone phosphate, and fatty acids are built from acetyl CoA.

They are segments of DNA that encode enzymes for site specific recombination and have distinct nucleotides at their terminals.

They are larger than insertion sequences, code for protein synthesis and can induce mutation the same way as insertion sequences

They can alternate between lytic and lysogenic growth. During lysogeny

It involves two live bacteria, donor and recipient, with the transfer of genetic material from a plasmid. The donor is F+, has fertility factor and codes for sex pilus.

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another by a transducing phage

increase in the population of cells is called a culture

Organisms are adjusting to the environment

They are synthesizing DNA, ribosomes and enzymes to breakdown nutrients, and to be used for growth.

Division is at a constant rate (generation time) but varies with species, temperature and media. Cells are most susceptible to inhibitors

No of cells dividing > no of cells dying

Dying and dividing organisms are at an equilibrium

Death is due to reduced nutrients, pH changes, toxic waste and reduced oxygen. Cells are smaller and have fewer ribosomes

The population is dying in a geometric fashion so there are more deaths than new cells

No of cells dividing < no of cells dying

required for synthesis of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

required for the synthesis of proteins

needed as coenzymes and functional groups of certain enzymes

Organisms that use light as an energy source

Organisms that use chemical as energy source

Organisms that use CO2 as a carbon source

Organisms that use organic compounds as a carbon source

The temperature at which the microorganisms grows best

below this, the microorganisms cease to grow

above this, the microorganisms die

microorganisms that grow at temperature of 50-60 °C. grows at high temperature

microorganisms that grow best at moderate temperature of 20-40°C. moderate temperature. Room temperature

prefer cold temperature of 10- 20°C

OGT is 4°C (refrigerator temperature)

can tolerate or endure very cold temperature of less than -4 °C. can preserve frozen state

refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and, thus, the acidity or alkalinity of the solution

- prefer acidic microorganisms

Acidophiles - prefer acidic microorganisms - ex: lactobacilli, Helicobactor pylori (can grow in the stomach. Can cause peptic or gastric ulcer)

- ex: Vibrio cholerae ( positive agent of cholera. Can survive of pH of 8.5)

is the pressure that is exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell.

balance or equal

burst (with cell wall, will not burst but will leak fluid)

salt loving microorganism

can survive high osmotic pressure or in high salt concentration

Most bacteria are not affected by minor changes in barometric pressure. Some thrive at normal atmospheric pressure.

Glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, requiring 21% oxygen

Requires high level of oxygen, without oxygen they will die.

The metabolic process is comparable to obligate aerobes but requires 1-15% oxygen.

in the absence of O2, glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, and then fermentation takes place

Glucose undergoes glycolysis to pyruvic acid, then fermentation or anaerobic respiration in which oxygen is not the final electron acceptor.

Requires carbon dioxide to survive

are used for growth of pure batch cultures

contain agar and are used widely for the isolation of pure cultures, for estimating viable bacterial populations, and a variety of other purposes

- defined (synthetic) medium- is one in which the exact chemical composition is known.

- is one in which the exact chemical constitution of the medium is not known

Also known as basal medium

contain specific nutrients required for the growth of bacterial pathogens that may be present alone or with other bacterial species in a patient specimen.

Ex: blood, chocolate agar

contain nutrients that support growth of most non-fastidious organisms without giving any organism a growth advantage

contain one or more agents that are inhibitory to all organisms except those being sought

Eg: MacConkey agar, Eosin methylene blue

employ come factors that allows colonies of one bacterial species or type to exhibit certain metabolic or culture characteristics that can be used to distinguish them from other bacteria growing on the same agar plate