Estrogen therapy, Inflammation and dehydration cause:

Physical trauma, strain or injury, and microtrauma to vessel wall cause:

Congenital abnormalities affecting venous anatomy, bradycardia, and hypotension may cause:

In patients with pulmonary embolism, sudden death is due to:

In patients with pulmonary embolism, death is due to:

In PE, patients has

Alveoli ventilated but not perfused in PE, is due to:

Increased resistance to pulmonary blood flow in PE, is due to:

A patient with PE and normal CV function may have:

A patient with PE and abnormal CV function may have:

The 1st stage of a pulmonary infarct (hemorrhagic) in PE is seen as:

The 2nd stage of a pulmonary infarct (hemorrhagic) in PE is seen as:

With time pulmonary infarct (hemorrhagic) in PE is seen as: ree

EKG: S wave in the lead I, Q wave in lead III and a T inverted in lead III is seen in:

Dilation of pulmonary vessels proximal to embolism along collapse of distal vessels is seen in PE is called:

In a PE, the spiral CT angiography shows:

An acute PE, can resolved?

A Mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mm Hg at rest cause:

Pulmonary HTN is caused by Cardiopulmonary conditions that ______ either pulmonary blood flow, pulmonary vascular resistance, or left heart resistance to blood flow.

Findings in:

• Medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary muscular and elastic arteries

• Right ventricular hypertrophy

• Atheroma- like change

An enlarge cardiac silhouette is seen in:

Seen in:

Type of pleural effusion:

1. Due to ⬆ hydrostatic pressure or ⬇ oncotic pressure

Ex: CHF, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome, PE and Hypoalbunemia.

NON INFLAMMATORY

Type of pleural effusion:

1. Due to Inflammation and⬆ capillary permeability

Ex: Pneumonia, Cancer, TB, Viral infection, PE and Autoimmune disease.

INFLAMMATORY

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space is called

Fluid accumulation in the alveolar space is called

Type of pleural effusion:

⬇ 0.5

⬇ 0.6

Type of pleural effusion:

⬆ 0.5

⬆ 0.6

In exudate pleuritis, large amounts of fluid sometimes accumulate and compress the lung, causing:

In Exudate empyema pleuritis, empyema may resolve but exudate organizes into dense, fibrous adhesions that obliterate or envelop the lung, causing:

Collections of serous fluid within the pleural cavities is called:

Transudate pleuritis caused by cardiac failure + pulmonary congestion + edema

Is a fatal complication of a ruptured aortic aneurysm or vascular trauma or it may occur postoperatively is called:

Accumulation of milky fluid, usually of lymphatic origin in the pleural cavity is called:

Caused by thoracic duct trauma or obstruction that causes rupture of major lymphatic ducts.

Pneumothorax is associated with:

Any form of pulmonary disease that causes rupture of an alveolus is called:

Caused by some perforating injury to the chest wall, if it pierces the lung, it makes two avenues for the accumulation of air within the pleural spaces.

Physical examination:

Breath sounds: ⬇

Percussion: Dull

Fremitus: ⬇

Tracheal deviation: Contralateral

Physical examination:

Breath sounds: ⬇

Percussion: Hyper-resonant

Fremitus: ⬇

Tracheal deviation: Midline

Physical examination:

Breath sounds: ⬇

Percussion: Hyper-resonant

Fremitus: ⬇

Tracheal deviation: Contralateral