The use of a familiar stimulus to influence behaviour towards a new stimulus by repeatedly pairing them together. E.g. Pavlov’s dog

The use of reinforcement, both positive and negative, to influence how new behaviours are learnt and how old behaviours are modified. E.g. the Skinner Box.

The use of positive reinforcement or reward following a particular behaviour to reinforce learning to ensure that the outcome is repeated.

The removal of an unfavourable outcome.

A thing or event that causes an individual to react.

Individuals learn from observing others, imitating and modelling. E.g. Bandura’s Bobo Doll.

Behaviour is explained by unconscious thoughts and emotions. E.g. Sigmund Freud’s iceberg analogy.

The experiences of the senses in the here and now.

The easily accessible part of the mind that stores experiences, memories and skills.

The bank of memories, thoughts and urges that individuals are not readily aware of.

Primitive and instinctual part of the mind.

The moral thermometer within the mind.

Realistic part of the mind operating in the real world

Individuals operate on their own free will and are able to choose how they act.

When an individual can appreciate that they have reached their full potential. E.g. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.

The ability to choose between different courses of action.

Needs that must be met for survival, including food and water.

Theorist associated with the Hierarchy of Needs pyramid

This theory attempts to explain behaviour by reviewing the thought processes used by the brain in reaching decisions.

The ability to remember, pay attention and problem solve.

Experimental cognitive psychology

This approach groups all personality traits as either Type A or Type B.

People with this type of personality have a strong urge for competition and a high desire to achieve goals. They tend to lack tolerance towards others and experience higher levels of anxiety.

These personalities tend to be more tolerant towards others, experience lower levels of anxiety and display higher levels of imagination and creativity.

Individuals have certain characteristics that explain their patterns of behaviour.

An identifying characteristic.

Outgoing and socially confident.

Shy and quiet

This theory is based on the idea of the existence of two different types of mindset; the fixed mindset and the growth mindset.

Individuals who believe their qualities are fixed and cannot change.

Individuals who thrive on a challenge and are always eager to learn more.

Following an order or request. E.g. Milgram’s electric shock experiment, Burger replicating Milgram, and Hofling’s Hospital Experiment.

When an individual changes their behaviour to fit in with a group. E.g. Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison experiment, Asch’s paradigm.

When an individual changes their behaviour because they are requested to do so.

A person whose command over others inspires or demands obedience.

Milgrim’s experiment was replicated in 2009 by

Which US university is associated with the work of Philip Zimbardo?

How many of the 22 nurses in Hofling’s experiment obeyed the orders given by the doctor?

Praise and respect, medals,

extended leave, promotion and pay rise.