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WorksheetsSociology Review part 2
Total questions: 158
Worksheet time: 3hrs 38mins
Brian, a four-year-old boy, was observed by his preschool teacher grabbing toys away from other children. His teacher approached Brian and discussed with him why this behavior was inappropriate. What process was occurring during this discussion between Brian and his teacher?
ageism
socialization
life course development
self-identity development
One of the generally accepted benchmarks in the transition to adulthood is home ownership.
True
False
The stories of Caitlyn Jenner and Coy Mathis in the textbook illustrate the importance of
understanding that our lives are a product of both individual biographies and sociohistorical context.
proper medical treatment.
peers to emulate and learn from.
access to schooling and formal education.
Social conflict theory sees the elderly as victims of structural ageism, just as minorities are victims of structural racism.
True
False
Sixty-six-year-old Caitlyn Jenner had to relearn how to walk, dress, and interact with others in her new role as a woman. This process is known as
social dominance.
resocialization.
social reproduction.
desocialization.
The problem of social isolation among the elderly is solved by ensuring the presence of social relationships.
True
Fasle
Which of the following best exemplifies resocialization?
a high-school senior taking a driver training course
a drug addict being briefed on what life in a rehab facility will be like
a longtime politician returning to private life after failing to get reelected
a first-time convict meeting his fellow inmates at the start of a prison term
Which of the following best exemplifies desocialization?
a high-school senior taking a driver training course
a drug addict being briefed on what life in a rehab facility will be like
a longtime politician returning to private life after failing to get reelected
a first-time convict meeting his fellow inmates at the start of a prison term
Sociologists who study child socialization emphasize
that socialization occurs between the ages of five and fourteen.
the significance of brain development.
the role of genetics.
the importance of human contact
Which theorist would be MOST interested in how children learn math?
Jean Piaget
George Herbert Mead
Charles Horton Cooley
Janice McCabe
According to George Herbert Mead, children develop as social beings by imitating the actions of those around them. Which example would Mead most likely use to elaborate this point?
Fatima, learning at school
Connie, playing piano
Marcus, reading a book
Jamel, playing with friends
Celine likes to pretend she is a mechanic. She uses her father’s screwdriver to repair her toy cars. George Herbert Mead would say she is
developing self-consciousness.
taking the role of the other.
being egocentric.
developing a social self
According to George Herbert Mead, young children develop a sense of self by
going through distinct stages of sensorimotor development.
going to school and learning to read.
going to church and gaining a soul.
imitating the actions of those around them.
Susan wore girl’s clothes, as she usually does, to school on the first day of kindergarten. Her teacher and fellow students treated her as a girl, as she is usually treated. According to George Herbert Mead’s theory of socialization, Susan sees herself through the eyes of others who treat her as a girl. In other words, Susan has developed
an “I”.
her concrete operational stage.
a social self.
an ego.
According to George Herbert Mead’s theory of socialization, children develop ________ by coming to see themselves as others see them.
a soul
intelligence
self-consciousness
an ego
At nine years old, Arjun began playing organized sports, learning that teams are supposed to play by the rules of the game. According to George Herbert Mead, Arjun is developing an understanding of
the “I”.
the “me”.
the generalized other.
socialization
Which theorist would be most interested in how we feel and think about ourselves when others insult us?
Jean Piaget
George Herbert Mead
Charles Horton Cooley
Janice McCabe
What is one criticism that can be made of Charles Horton Cooley’s theory of the looking-glass self?
Individuals seldom take action to bring others around to their own views of themselves.
Individuals do not passively accept what others think of them.
Individuals rarely consider how others see them.
Individuals develop a sense of self that is not affected by how others react to them.
What would sociologists conclude is one difficulty that arises when applying Jean Piaget’s approach to the study of child development to all children across all societies and cultures?
In American culture, the family is far more important than any other agent of socialization.
Schooling is far more important than the family in the concrete operational stage.
Piaget underestimated the role of ego in children.
The development of formal operational thought depends, in part, on one’s education.
David likes to talk with others, but what he says is more or less unrelated to what the other speaker said. Piaget would argue that David is in which stage of cognitive development?
egocentric stage
preoperational stage
sensorimotor stage
concrete operational stage
At age three, Emily was beginning to master her spoken language, but she was also able to use her hands to speak some words in sign language. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development was Emily in?
concrete operational
preoperational
formal operational
egocentric
Eleven-year-old Evan was asked by his math teacher, “If Adam is older than Bill and Bill is older than Cathy, who is the oldest?” This question was too abstract for Evan, and he was unable to answer. This shows that Evan is in which stage of development?
concrete operational
preoperational
formal operational
egocentric
In second grade, Reina was earning As on her math tests, which included multiplication and division. According to Jean Piaget, what stage of cognitive development is Reina in?
concrete operational
preoperational
formal operational
egocentric
In which exchange is the child’s speech egocentric?
Adult: “I like hot dogs.” Child: “I’ll trade you my hot dog for your cookie."
Adult: “I like hot dogs.” Child: “I like hamburgers better.”
Adult: “I like hot dogs.” Child: “I like real dogs better.”
Adult: “I like hot dogs.” Child: “I like fire engines.”
Groups or social contexts in which significant processes of socialization occur are known as
agents of socialization.
social roles.
social
gerontologists.
generalized others.
In which context is primary socialization MOST likely to occur?
families
schools
peer groups
workplaces
Growing up in rural Idaho, there are many agents of socialization for Albert, but ________ is/are the most significant agent(s) of his socialization.
television and magazines
family
friends
teachers
Gloria is an upper-middle-class parent. She sees to it that her daughter is enrolled in music lessons and participates in club sports. This is what Annette Lareau calls
concerted cultivation.
the hidden curriculum.
anticipatory socialization.
accomplishment of natural growth.
For most individuals in modern society, ________ is/are the agent(s) of socialization that is/are most responsible for early childhood development.
their preschool
their friends at school
the television
the family
Devonte and Michelle have one child. This social formation is known as
a nuclear family.
a normal family.
a secondary group.
a peer group.
A mechanism through which schools socialize children is the hidden curriculum. Which of the following is an example of the hidden curriculum in schools?
teaching students proper English
the subtle ways that boys and girls are exposed to different messages and curricular materials from their teachers
teaching students the importance of math
making certain that students learn proper use of the comma
According to the textbook, peer groups can be defined as social groups in which members
grew up in the same household.
have the same hair color.
are of similar age and have common interests.
were born in the same country.
Given the high proportion of parents now in the workforce, more young children play together in day-care centers and preschool. For such children, ________ is/are more important than ever before.
he extended family
the nuclear family
the peer group
babysitters
Chelsea started playing video games for three hours a day and her mother is afraid of the impact video games might have on Chelsea. Should Chelsea’s mother be worried?
Yes. Chelsea plays nonviolent rapid-action games, and even games with no violent imagery can desensitize players to violence.
No. Even though Chelsea plays rapid-action games with very violent imagery, there is no evidence that suggests that these types of games desensitize players to violence.
Yes. All fast-paced video games harm children’s cognitive development.
It depends. Research has shown both positive and negative correlations between video games and school performance.
Which of the following statements about smartphone use is true?
Smartphones help people maintain separation between their personal lives and their work lives.
Smartphones are surprisingly ineffective for helping people stay in touch with friends and family far away.
Heavy texting and instant messaging is associated with a decline in communication skills.
People in need of new employment often find a smartphone useful for identifying job opportunities.
Jesse, a server at a large chain restaurant, feels exhausted after trying to keep customers happy all day. What sociological pattern does Jesse’s experience fit into?
the need to raise the minimum wage for food service workers
the difficulty of men asserting their emotions
the many workers who must learn how to “feel” on the job
the need for the social role of service workers to garner more respect
Functionalists argue that social roles
change every few generations.
are related to social power.
are the same in all societies.
remain relatively stable.
As a doctor, Ivan is expected to follow certain standards, such as keeping patient information confidential. What would a sociologist call these expectations?
social outcomes
social roles
social identities
social values
According to sociologists, which of the following best describes the relationship between identity and socialization?
Through socialization, individuals are robbed of their individuality and free will.
Through socialization, we lose the identity we were born with.
Through socialization, each person develops an identity and capacity for individual thought and action.
After the age of twelve, we have already been socialized into the identity that we will have for the rest of our lives.
This term refers to the process of self-development through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us.
individual identity
generalized identity
social identity
self-identity
Sociologists argue that social and geographic mobility have affected our self-identities in which way?
Our self-identities are more multifaceted.
Our self-identities are more rigid and unchanging.
We have a difficult time forming self-identities.
Our social identities are overwhelming our self-identities.
The learning of gender roles through social factors, such as the family and the media, is known as
gender socialization.
gender typing.
gender fluidity.
gender binary.
Gender socialization begins at
infancy.
toddlerhood.
early adolescence.
adolescence
Researchers examined the ways that boys and girls are portrayed in children’s programming on three networks. There was some evidence that characters were depicted behaving in stereotypical ways, where boys were more likely to be aggressive “rescuers” and girls were more likely to show affection. What is the sociological implication of this research?
Gender roles don’t solidify until most people reach their teens.
Girls probably don’t enjoy aggressive activities as much as boys.
Television programs teach important yet subtle lessons about gender.
The entertainment industry is responsible for creating gender conflict in U.S. society.
By what age do children generally have a partial understanding of what gender is?
ten
at birth
five
two
The custom of dressing boys in blue and girls in pink
reflects color preferences infants display soon after birth.
dates back to the Middle Ages.
is an American invention, introduced after the Civil War.
emerged in post-World War II America.
The latest trend in store sales of children’s toys is to
sell girls’ toys in a pink-colored section and boys’ toys in a blue-colored one.
sell toys for girls and toys for boys together, not separated into two sections.
sell toys as gender-neutral, not typed as toys for girls or toys for boys.
have three sections—for girls’ toys, boys’ toys, and gender-neutral toys.
The verbal and nonverbal messages that older generations transmit to younger generations regarding the meaning and significance of race, racial stratification, intergroup relations, and personal identity is known as
social reproduction.
resocialization.
the hidden curriculum.
race socialization.
Although race socialization has historically focused on raising Black children to fit in and get ahead in a racist world, scholars today recognize that White children, too, should be socialized to
learn to be proud of their White heritage.
recognize and fight racism.
recognize and fight reverse racism.
become color blind.
In modern societies, death is most commonly associated with old age, but a few hundred years ago, death was most commonly associated with infancy. How do sociologists understand this transformation?
People are generally happier in contemporary society.
The life course is influenced by cultural and material circumstances.
Earlier societies had an inaccurate understanding of death.
Modern societies have higher health disparities across race.
At the age of eight, Ricky is in school and is not required to have a job. Would expectations likely have been similar for Ricky’s great-great-grandfather?
Yes, as long as Ricky and his great-great-grandfather were brought up in similar socioeconomic backgrounds.
Yes, childhood has been a distinct life stage for at least 500 years.
No, because the quality of education was not as good in the past.
No, because childhood only became a distinct stage of the life course in contemporary society.
Pointing to medieval paintings in which children were portrayed with mature faces and participating in the same work and play activities as adults, French historian Philippe Ariès made the argument that
children were considered nuisances.
childhood did not exist in medieval times.
children had the same rights as adults.
children often married very young
According to the International Labor Organization, ________ of children worldwide are working.
3%
6%
8%
10%
Why, according to some researchers, is the nature of childhood as a distinct stage of life diminishing in modern societies?
Children are entering the workforce sooner than a few decades ago.
Children are in greater danger of becoming crime victims.
Medications prescribed for children are causing earlier onset of puberty.
Children are consuming the same entertainment as adults.
Which statement best characterizes what it is like to be a teenager today?
The idea of the teenager is becoming less relevant today.
The process of psychosexual development is easier to negotiate than in the past.
The process of unlearning childish pursuits is much less jarring than in the past.
Teenagers today are betwixt and between, navigating the often-complicated space between childhood and adulthood.
Which stage of the life course is best characterized as a psychological turning point where men and women may assess their past choices and accomplishments and make new choices that prepare them for the second half of life?
teenager
young adulthood
midlife
later life
What is one conclusion that sociologists can draw from comparing thirty-year-olds in 1975 and 2015?
Thirty-year-olds in 2015 were meeting more markers of adulthood than they did in 1975.
Thirty-year-olds in 1975 had better job opportunities than thirty-year-olds in 2015 did.
Thirty-year-olds in 2015 were not meeting as many of the markers of adulthood as they did in 1975.
Thirty-year-olds in 2015 prioritized having a career more than thirty-year-olds in 1975 did.
Why are older adults of great interest to policymakers?
Older adults tend to have a lot of money.
Older adults are less likely to vote.
Older adults are the life-stage group seeing the greatest growth.
Policymakers are more likely to be older themselves.
Because of cultural and technological changes, adults entering retirement are more likely to find this new stage of life satisfying by
drawing on inner resources accumulated over a lifetime.
spending more time with their children and grandchildren
embracing their status as respected elders, with authority.
learning new skills and pursuing new leisure activities.
According to your textbook, which of the following is a reason that the meaning of the term aging is changing today?
People are not living as long as they used to.
Medicare and Social Security are expanding to include younger adults.
There are more social programs for older people.
Advances in nutrition and health have enabled people to live longer.
The discipline concerned with the study of the social aspects of aging is known as
social gerontology.
social chronology.
age studies.
elder studies.
According to 1950s functionalist theorist Talcott Parsons, failure to find adequate roles for the elderly in U.S. society will cause them to
be alienated from society.
organize social movements to struggle for more social programs.
retire to other countries.
move in with their adult children.
Which of the following best summarizes how disengagement theory views the elderly?
As people age, they are more interested in watching TV than interacting with others.
As people age, they no longer want to participate fully in society.
As people age, they need to be removed from their traditional roles in order to free up those roles for the younger generation.
As people age, they are not given the same respect as the younger generation.
Critics of functionalist theories of aging argue that these theories
place too much emphasis on the importance of the elderly in modern societies.
emphasize the need for the elderly to adjust to existing societal conditions rather than participate in changing them.
give too much agency to the elderly in defining their own role in society.
focus too little on racial inequalities affecting the elderly.
According to activity theory, both the elderly and society can benefit
if the elderly retire from their jobs so that the younger generation can fill them.
if the elderly remain physically active but refrain from too much social activity.
if the elderly remain socially active but do not tax themselves physically.
if the elderly remain actively engaged in work and other social roles as long as they can.
Both activity and continuity theory suggest that remaining active and engaged as we age is a good thing, but in what way do the theories primarily differ?
the kinds of activities that the elderly participate in
the willingness of the elderly to maintain the exact same activities as they grow older
the extent to which the elderly are isolated as they grow old
the extent to which the elderly are able to adapt to new activities
According to ________ theories of aging, social institutions that favor those who have the most economic power are the source of many of the problems of aging.
social conflict
functionalist
social psychological
life course
One difference between conflict and functionalist theoretical perspectives on aging is that
Functionalist theory tends to see the elderly as victims of the stratification system that denies them opportunities.
Conflict theory attributes the participation of the elderly in satisfying activities to individual willpower and personalities.
Conflict theory emphasizes the role of social structures in shaping the opportunities available to older adults.
Functionalist theory stresses that older people can be productive to society as long as they pursue activities that are consistent with their personalities and lifestyle choices.
What statistical reality about older people today tends to support the perspective promoted by conflict theory in the 1980s?
Low poverty rates among the elderly are a fact today.
There are high poverty rates among Black and Latinx unmarried older women.
Social conflict between the elderly and other age groups has lessened considerably.
The elderly have increasing opportunity to remain active members of society.
Which perspective would most carefully consider how the smartphone has shaped the aging process?
disengagement theory
continuity theory
conflict theory
life course theory
Most individuals over 65 years
lead active, independent lives.
suffer from mental disabilities.
are foreign-born.
suffer from arthritis.
Among the elderly, which group is most likely to be independent, healthy, and actively engaged?Among the elderly, which group is most likely to be independent, healthy, and actively engaged?
young old
old old
middle old
oldest old
Compared to the old old and the oldest old, the young old are most likely to be economically independent, healthy, and active. These differences are due not only to the effects of aging, but they also reflect the fact that
the young old came of age during the post–World War II period of strong economic growth.
the young old grew up with social norms that emphasized independence and hard work.
the young old have better health care and nutrition.
the young old are more politically active.
Among the elderly, which group is most likely to experience poor health, isolation, and economic insecurity?
young old
old old
middle old
oldest old
A 77-year-old woman is currently struggling with foreclosure, living on a “patchwork of welfare,” and coping with a system of institutions that seem to make her life difficult. Her experience with aging has been shaped by her earlier life, as well as by social and historical contexts. This is consistent with which theoretical perspective?
social conflict
life course
continuity
disengagement
Even though the elderly have access to Medicare, health care costs still account for ________ of their total expenses.
13%
50%
33%
1%
Elder abuse is present when an elderly person experiences which of the following?
a nutritious diet
poverty
difficulty accessing health care
neglect and abandonment
Elderly people in the United States are likely to be stereotyped as
lonely
intelligent
aggressive
financially savvy
Emma was asked to volunteer at the senior center after school a few times a week. She was reluctant to do so because, even though she loves seeing her own grandparents, she views the elderly as old-fashioned, senile, and embittered. Emma’s stereotypes of the elderly were most likely learned from
mass media and popular entertainment.
her parents.
her grandparents.
the elderly she meets on the street.
The sociologist who contributed to the field of microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding the seemingly trivial aspects of everyday social behavior was
Erving Goffman.
Elijah Anderson.
Émile Durkheim.
Karl Marx.
Every instance of unfocused interaction begins with an opening.
True
False
Basic facial expressions of emotion—a smile when happy, a frown when sad—are different, depending on geographical location.
True
False
According to Erving Goffman, reality is neither fixed nor static but created through
mass media.
human ideas.
human interactions.
human mistakes.
Erving Goffman and other social interactionists brought to sociology the idea that humans possess a self that is fragile and vulnerable to embarrassment at every turn.
True
fasle
According to Erving Goffman, one of the reasons it is important to study subtle day-to-day interactions is that
they reveal how humans are like other primates.
they can be used to measure a person’s intelligence.
we can learn a great deal about ourselves as social beings.
they can inform us about political and military strategy.
Two people are standing together in an elevator, but they do not speak to each other or look each other in the eye. Erving Goffman called this type of interaction
focused interaction.
interactional vandalism.
civil inattention.
compulsion of proximity
Students vandalizing campus property following a football victory is an example of interactional vandalism.
true
false
Civil inattention is defined as
acknowledging the presence of others but avoiding interaction.
totally ignoring the presence of others.
acting rude and inappropriate
pretending you do not know someone whom you have met before.
Because of the Internet, powerful people are less able to segregate their audiences.
true
false
What is the definition of agency?
having responsibility for someone else’s welfare
the ability to think, act, and make independent choices
being part of a formal, institutionalized social structure
the capacity to perceive reality and form opinions
Unfocused interaction is when people
ignore each other completely in a small space.
exhibit mutual awareness but do not engage in face-to-face interaction.
demonstrate how they perceive others through body language.
communicate over email or text message
Trevor takes the subway to and from work. He usually wears his headphones and listens to his music on the subway. He is careful not to bump shoulders with the passengers next to him when he is standing on the crowded train. Trevor engages in ________ on the subway.
social positioning
focused interaction
impression management
unfocused interaction
When Jane arrived at the party, her friend Alyssa came over immediately to say hello. According to Erving Goffman, this is an example of
controlled alertness.
focused interaction.
unfocused interaction.
interactional vandalism.
How does our current age of Internet communication complicate Goffman’s concepts of focused and unfocused interaction?
In online interactions, people generally have more control over how they are perceived than people engaging in face-to-face interactions do.
In online interactions, people are constantly sharing their feelings and have less control over how they are perceived than those engaging in face-to-face interactions do.
Online interactions allow for more focused interactions than face-to-face social encounters do.
The clever and funny use of emojis makes it much easier to express one’s feelings online than face-to-face interactions do.
Encounters always need ________, which indicates that civil inattention is being discarded and focused interaction will begin.
impression management
audience segregation
an opening
controlled alertness
Identify which of the following social interactions is focused.
A seated bus rider moves his feet so a rider who is carrying luggage can pass.
Someone repairing a machine gives instructions to an assistant.
A surfer riding a wave steers to avoid hitting another surfer.
A woman rolls her eyes and sighs when a man shoves her on the train.
The exchange of information about human emotion through facial expressions, gestures, and movements of the body is called
nonverbal communication.
response cries.
agency.
projection.
Gestures and body postures, which are important parts of nonverbal communication, are
universal and the same in all cultures.
neither universal nor the same in all cultures.
unique to each person.
embedded in our DNA.
According to the research by Paul Ekman and W. V. Friesen, who developed the Facial Action Coding System, the modes of human emotional expression
vary across cultures.
change as we grow older.
are similar across cultures.
are the same among almost all mammals.
According to Charles Darwin, basic human emotional expressions
are exactly the same as the basic emotional expressions of other primates.
are the same in all human beings.
vary widely, depending on the culture one is in.
are learned and vary among cultures.
If one wanted to show that the relationship between emotions and facial expressions has nothing to do with culture, which research technique would one use?
Observe the facial expressions of children who were born blind.
Ask children how they learned to frown when angry, and so on.
Ask children to draw pictures of a sad person, a surprised person, and so on.
Observe the facial expressions children make when they don’t know they’re being watched.
Which six emotions were Paul Ekman’s New Guinea interview subjects able to identify from pictured facial expressions?
disapproval, shame, serenity, amusement, curiosity, and resignation
happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear, and surprise
shock, annoyance, worry, disappointment, envy, and boredom
alarm, bliss, aversion, humiliation, panic, and pity
Jane sent her boss an email suggesting that they have a performance review to see whether she was ready for a raise. Her boss replied in an email that Jane was out of line and that she would give her a performance review at the same time as other employees. Face-to-face communication may have helped Jane avoid upsetting her boss by
allowing her to pressure her boss by looking her straight in the eye.
allowing her to respond to her boss’s anger in real time.
allowing Jane to claim gender discrimination without putting it in writing.
allowing her to evaluate her boss’s body language before suggesting she was ready for a raise.
An example of ________ is when humans endow nonhumans with human capacities, making them viable others in social interaction.
projection
microanalysis
ethnos
a cosmopolitan canopy
Alexa, a virtual personal assistant, is an example of
how artificial intelligence has allowed human–nonhuman interaction to become increasingly sophisticated.
how nonhumans cannot be viable others in social interaction.
how nonhumans cannot evoke human empathy and feelings of companionship.
how Erving Goffman’s predictions of human–nonhuman interaction has come true.
According to Erving Goffman, social interaction is like
playing basketball in a gym.
playing baseball in a stadium.
swimming in a pool.
performing a play in a theater.
You may be a sibling, a spouse, a student, an employee, and a parent. These are called
background expectancies.
stereotypes.
occupations.
social positions.
Another term for status is
structure.
agency.
saving face.
social position
Socially defined expectations of a person in a given social position are referred to as
social facts.
social roles.
values.
background expectancies.
Arrive to class on time, raise your hand before speaking, turn in assignments on time—these expectations are part of the ________ of students.
back region
social role
background expectancies
values
What do sociologists call the social prestige (high or low) that society accords to a group of people?
status
agency
front region
structure
As a medical doctor, Enrique has the privilege of being called Dr. Chavez because our society gives high ________ to medical doctors.
agency
wages
status
expectations
Social positions can be both general and specific. Which of the following is an example of a general social position in American society?
politician
doctor
woman
basketball player
Social positions can be both general and specific. Which of the following is an example of a specific social position in American society?
Asian American
professor
man
lesbian
The social positions that a person occupies determine that person’s
social roles.
ideas.
gender.
agency.
A teacher might be quite formal in the classroom but use profanity or substandard speech in the teacher’s lounge. According to Erving Goffman, if students are the “audience,” then the teacher’s lounge would be the teacher’s
front region.
back region.
neutral space.
“extended” personal space
A student might sit upright in the classroom but engage in “sloppy sitting” in the cafeteria at lunch time. According to Erving Goffman, if the “audience” is the teacher, then the classroom would be the student’s
front region.
back region.
neutral space.
“extended” personal space
If a CEO wears a suit and tie to a board meeting and later in the day changes into jeans and a T-shirt to attend a football event with friends, he is engaging in
saving face.
impression management
controlled alertness.
ethnomethodology
Wearing a new dress on a first date is an example of
nonverbal communication.
controlled alertness.
impression management.
compulsion of proximity
Maria’s friend posted an unflattering and unprofessional picture of her on Facebook. Maria was embarrassed and quickly took it down because she is friends with many of her coworkers on Facebook. This is an example of
impression management.
regionalization.
controlled alertness.
interactional vandalism.
People engage in ________ to reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world.
social distance
audience segregation
zoning
regionalization
An example of audience segregation is
a student asking their parent not to chaperone a class trip.
inviting the families of both spouses over for a holiday, even though they are uncomfortable around each other.
a woman texting with her friend while sitting with her family.
taking a friend to a concert to introduce her to music she has never heard before
While grocery shopping, you run into your sociology professor. This creates an awkward interaction because you are not used to seeing her outside of class and you are not sure how to behave. The interaction is awkward because it violated your
audience segregation.
status.
sense of agency.
social position
What does audience segregation implicitly encourage?
civil inattention
impression management
focused interaction
nonverbal communicatio
Leo attends a high school where a lot of students belong to gangs. At home, he studies hard in the hope of getting a college scholarship to study engineering. But, around his friends, Leo acts tough and pretends not to care about school. What is Leo engaged in?
civil inattention
unfocused interaction
impression management
audience segregation
To understand a conversation, we need to understand ________, which is why electronic communication, such as email or text messaging, can lead to miscommunication.
the social context
personal space
search procedures
emoticons
Ethnomethodology is the study of
how people make sense of what others say and do in social interactions.
how people learn language.
the methods sociologists use.
extraordinary social events that occur over space and time.
According to Harold Garfinkel, people use ________ to organize everyday conversations.
controlled alertness
background expectancies
massive “search procedures”
time space
Harold Garfinkel asked his students to engage a friend or relative in conversation and to insist that casual remarks or general comments be actively pursued to make their meaning precise. The students were asked to engage in what Garfinkel calls
a search procedure.
a response cry.
catfishing.
compulsion of proximity.
Suppose an employee of a large corporation feels that she is being treated unfairly by the firm but needs the income and does not want her supervisors to be angry with her. To draw negative attention to the firm without risking her own job, she writes a weekly blog harshly criticizing her employers and revealing unflattering information about the firm. This is an example of
response cries.
interactional vandalism.
audience segregation.
impression management
An example of interactional vandalism in an online setting is
users who rely on profanity to get their message across.
users who intentionally post inappropriate comments to provoke an emotional response.
bosses who prohibit their employees from posting on social media.
employees who post pictures of themselves on social media enjoying their day off.
Interactional vandalism is defined as
a subordinate person breaking the tacit rules of interaction.
a high-status person refusing to interact.
two people having a miscommunication.
social avoidance.
The likely effect of interactional vandalism is to
challenge status positions.
encourage violence.
leave victims disoriented.
break down audience segregation.
According to the definition in your textbook, identify the scenario that would be considered trolling.
posting complaints about your coworkers on a gripe message board
constantly interrupting your professor with questions about the lecture
passing an untrue rumor along to a fellow student via a handwritten note
a visitor to a Mac users online technical support forum intentionally posting wrong answers to other users’ questions
In what way is online trolling an example of interactional vandalism?
Trolling involves the less powerful person taking control of a conversation.
In trolling, one person targets another for unwanted one-on-one interaction.
The troll pretends not to understand certain conversational assumptions.
People being trolled have few options for how to respond.
During a dinner at a fancy restaurant, a young woman knocks over a glass of water as she reaches for the salt. As the water soaks the tablecloth she exclaims, “Oops, sorry!” This is an example of
a response cry.
interactional vandalism.
a status marker.
nonverbal communication.
Edward T. Hall identifies how many zones for personal space?
1
2
3
4
According to Edward T. Hall, which zone of personal space is acceptable only during an encounter with your spouse or romantic partner?
personal distance
public distance
social distance
intimate distance
White people in the United States have been known to look intently at Black people walking past. This staring behavior is most likely
an attempt to conform to the norm that strangers or chance acquaintances should look intently at the other.
an indication of hostile intent.
an attempt to appear likable.
a sign of trust.
According to research cited in your textbook, Asians are more likely than persons from Europe or the United States to regard a person who makes eye contact as
angry or unapproachable.
likable or pleasant.
intelligent or credible.
confident or polite
Erving Goffman noted that people can present themselves as more tidy and formal by keeping front and guest-accessible rooms clean and nicely furnished. Today, people can use privacy settings on social media sites to limit who can see their posted content. People may also use social media to maintain close friendships with people in other parts of the world. All three of these are examples of
regionalization.
personal space.
civil inattention.
nonverbal communication
Before the Internet and smartphones became standard features of most people’s lives in the United States, people mainly relied on phone calls or letters to exchange information with friends, dating partners, and business associates. This earlier context of communication lacked
time-space.
clock time.
instantaneousness.
proximity
A young woman sleeps from midnight to 5 AM in her apartment bedroom, eats breakfast in her kitchen from 6 to 6:30 AM, works in her law office from 8:30 AM to 5 PM, has dinner with her friends from 5:30 to 7:30 PM, and then returns to her apartment to watch TV. This scenario illustrates the sociological concept of
personal space.
regionalization.
social distance.
ethnomethodology.
Social life is divided into different settings or zones. These social zones, such as a kitchen and a bedroom, are separated physically but also by
time.
income.
modern architectural design.
interior design principles
In modern societies, large-scale social institutions are organized by ________, which allows for the precise timing of activities.
clock time
search procedures
the “digital street”
ethnos
For what social function are clocks essential?
ensuring that laborers perform enough work to earn their wages
coordinating the activities of workers over time and across large distances
predicting natural disasters, such as storms and earthquakes
governing society by the principle of representative democracy
Sociologists Deirdre Boden and Harvey Molotch argue that even with the growth of electronic communication, such as text messaging and email, people have a strong need to interact in each other’s presence. They call this concept
focused interaction.
compulsion of proximity.
impression management.
status.
Lenhart’s 2015 study showed that the majority of teens had made new friends through online communication. This ability to establish new relationships, without the benefit of face-to-face interaction, challenges what Boden and Molotch (1994) called
the importance of nonverbal communication.
the compulsion of proximity.
unfocused interaction.
focused
Which of the following is an example of the compulsion of proximity?
John and Irma went to high school together and reconnected on Facebook.
Maria and Thomas met online and communicated using email, text messages, and the phone regularly, but they did not feel a real connection until they met in person for the first time over coffee.
Trevor and Alyssa broke up, and now they dislike having to see each other in their sociology class.
Travis and Alma do not know each other, but the bus they are on is very crowded, which forces them to rub shoulders.
Sociologist Carol Brooks Gardner linked the face-to-face interactions of women being harassed by men to the larger social system of male privilege in public spaces, women’s physical vulnerability, and the omnipresent threat of rape. Her analysis of these interactions shows the importance of linking ________ and ________ to understand social interaction.
gender; class
harassment; violence
norms; actions
norms; actions
microsociology; macrosociology
How do microanalysis and macroanalysis intersect when male construction workers direct catcalls at female pedestrians passing a job site?
Verbal interaction is a micro-level event, but when more than two people are involved, it is a macro-level interaction.
Women tend to focus on the unique details of a situation (micro-level), whereas men think in broad generalities (macro-level).
The conversation is a micro-level event, but the gender dynamic is a macro-level phenomenon.
The men are acting as if this event is a micro-level interaction, but their actions will have consequences for their employers on a macro-level.
According to urban sociologist Jeffrey Lane, how did the possibility of fake online profiles affect interactions among teenagers in Harlem?
Fake profiles created trust issues among boys and girls.
Girls used fake profiles to avoid having their real bodies objectified.
For some interactions, fake profiles created a needed opening.
fake profiles were a source of shared amusement
According to urban sociologist Jeffrey Lane’s The Digital Street, in Harlem, girls were
more visible and acted more dominant toward boys on the sidewalk than online.
more visible and in control online than boys.
more likely to respond positively to a million messages rather than liking one photo and then leaving the girl to make the next move.
less likely to feel pressure to objectify their bodies online than boys.
Elijah Anderson observed and described places where people from different backgrounds got along as opposed to places where they experienced tense or uncomfortable interactions. As a result of these observations, Anderson coined the term
cosmopolitan canopy.
focused interaction.
regionalization.
unfocused interaction.
According to Elijah Anderson, Reading Terminal Market is a place where diverse groups can come together peacefully, because the people who go there are “cosmos” (shorthand for cosmopolitan). According to his observations and interpretations, the dynamic that is largely missing from Reading Terminal is
status.
regionalization.
ethnocentrism.
audience segregation.
In the book Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (1990), Elijah Anderson noted that studying everyday life sheds light on how social order is created by the building blocks of
macro-level institutions.
prejudice and racism.
impression management.
micro-level interactions.
In research by Elijah Anderson, which statement about how quickly people “passed inspection” on an urban street is correct?
Adults passed inspection more quickly than children.
Women passed inspection more slowly than men.
White people passed inspection more quickly than Black people.
Adults passed in section more slowly than teenagers.
Dr. Williams studies police and community relations in New York City. She concludes that negative police interactions with Black youth are an expression of institutional and structural racism. Which type of analysis did Dr. Williams use?
macro-level analysis
micro-level and macro-level analysis
micro-level analysis
social media coverage of police brutality
