Communication is a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through system of symbols, sign, or behavior.

Communication is through:

facilitating a conference or forum

overcomplicated and unfamiliar words and/or technical terms

Some people may find it difficult to express their emotions and some topics may be completely 'off-limits'

Select all the factors that hinder an effective communication

(the communicator) is the one who initiates the conversation and has the conceptualized idea that is intended to convey to the receiver.

the sender uses certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, and body gestures to translate information into a message.

once the encoding is finished. The sender sends the message that he intends to convey.

the person for whom the message is intended or targeted.

the sender chooses its medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient. It must be selected carefully to make the message effective, and correctly interpreted by the recipient.

the receiver interprets the sender’s message and tries to understand it in the best possible manner.

is the final step of the process that ensures that the receiver has received the message, and interpreted it correctly, as if it was intended by the sender.

is a two-way process of exchanging ideas or information. One person alone cannot carry out communication. When you communicate, there must be a receiver or an audience that would reciprocate. Only then can communication be complete.

(just you/one person) – This form of communication is extremely private and restricted to ourselves. It includes the silent conversations we have within ourselves wherein; we juggle roles between the sender and receiver who are processing our thoughts and actions. This process of communication when analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to someone or stay confined as thoughts.

(two or more people) – This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-onone conversation. Here, the two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.

This type of communication can take place only when there are more than two people involved. Here the number of people will be small enough to allow each participant to interact and converse with the rest.

This type of communication takes place when one individual address a large gathering of people. In such cases, there is usually a single sender of information and several receivers who are being addressed.

Mass Media refers to the medium or the method employed to disseminate this information.

essentially means communication across different cultural boundaries. When two or more people with different cultural backgrounds interact and communicate with each other or one another.

can be defined as the sharing of information on different levels of awareness between people with different cultural backgrounds or put simply: individuals influenced by different cultural groups negotiate shared meaning in interactions.

is the process by which ideas, knowledge, information, goods, and services spread around the world. In other words, connecting with people takes less time than ever before and moving from one space to another (e.g., around the world) is faster than ever before.

Characteristics of Globalization

it connects people from around the world.

two or more countries impact and rely on each other.

– it enhances globalization facilitating the exchange of information.

refers to media technologies used to disseminate information to a wide audience. The key function is to communicate various messages through television, movies, advertising, radio, the internet, magazines, and newspapers.

is a system of thinking and acting that is taught by, and reinforced by, a group of people. They teach their members certain sets of values with accompanying behaviors and communication preferences. Stringer and Cassiday (2009)

is the ability to understand and interact effectively with people from other cultures.

Issues Surrounding Cross-cultural Communication

are the patterns of communication used by most people in any cultural group.

are cultural norms applied to everyone in a group in a rigid manner

is highly susceptible to both personal and cultural experience.

From an organizational perspective, there are also barriers that impede the flow of communication

Characteristics of Spoken Language

Characteristics of Spoken Language

Characteristics of Written Language

Characteristics of Written Language

Characteristics of Written Language

Characteristics of Spoken Language

is defined as the appropriateness of the level and style of speaking and writing. It guides a speaker or writer in the use of vocabulary, Structure, and grammar

4 Language Registers

Normally used between people who know each other well. Features of this register show a lack of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and usually contains slang and jargon.

Describes speech that is elevated, precise, and often professional, official, or impersonal in nature and is mostly used in academic writing.

, you will see plenty of use of symbols, idioms, figurative language, or incomplete sentences

Modern academic writing rarely uses this register. Sometimes it may be encountered when reading transcripts of speeches or historical documents.

is any form of communication (information, feelings, and ideas) passed or transmitted using a channel. The purpose of message is to inform, to persuade or goodwill.

are general semantic functional concepts and are not to be confused with text forms (books, poems, novels and etc.)

have to do with real world events and time. They may be fictional or nonfictional. Characterized by a sequencing of events expressed by dynamic verbs and by adverbials such as and then, first, second third.

concerned with the location of persons and things in space. They will tell us what lies to the right or left, in the background or foreground, or provide background information.

concerned with tangible future activity. e.g Hand me the papers, Would you hand me the pen, I wonder what the paper says about the topic.

identify and characterize phenomena. They include text forms such as definition, clarifications summary and many types of essay. It may be subjective (essay) or objective (summary, explication,definition) may be analytical or synthetic.

often start with the negation of a statement which attributes a quality or characteristic activity to something or someone. Also include advertising text, which persuades the readers.

involves scrutinizing any information that you hear or read.

Requirements in critical thinking:

(1) The ability to pose problematic questions.

(2) The ability to analyze a problem.

Requirements in critical thinking:

(1) The ability to imagine alternative solutions

(2) The ability to analyze competing approaches and answers

Requirements in critical thinking:

The ability to write an effective argument

learning about a text before really reading it. The first step in effectively

reading any piece of material is previewing. simply means looking over your

reading material in order to become familiar with its content before you actually begin

reading it.

4 Easy Steps to follow when

previewing;

Placing a text in its historical, biographical, and cultural contexts.

is the detail that adds meaning to a text.

Asking questions about the content. When

you interact with information by elaborating on it and thinking critically about its

context, you increase the likelihood that you will remember it.

examining your personal responses.examining your personal responses.

are helpful strategies to better

understand the content and structure of the text. The main ideas form the backbone of

the content. you put the ideas together in your own words

and in a condensed form and in this way, it can lead to a deeper understanding of what

you have read.

Identifying the main

Testing the logic of a text as well as its credibility and

emotional impact.

exploring likenesses and differences

between texts to understand them better. Generally speaking, comparing is showing the

similarities, and contrasting is showing differences between two things that are related

in some way. The process of comparing and contrasting is used to identify how two or

more things are alike and different.

Four Main Types of Reading Techniques

is sometimes referred to as substance reading.

may help in

order to know what the text is about at its most basic level. You might typically do this with a

magazine or newspaper and would help you mentally and quickly shortlist those articles which

you might consider for a deeper read. Comprehension is very low and understanding of overall

content is superficial.

involves getting your eyes quickly dart across sentence and is used to get

just a simple piece of information.

it means looking

through it quickly to find specific information. Scanning is commonly used in everyday life, for

example when looking up a word in a dictionary or finding your friend's name on your contact

list.

This type of reading has indeed beneficial to language learners as it helps

them understand the vocabulary by deducing the meaning of words in context. You read the

text carefully and deeply to gain maximum understanding.

Your goal is to absorb as much as

you can from what you are reading. It moreover, helps with retention of information for long

periods of time and knowledge resulting from intensive reading persists on long term memory.

involves reading for pleasure. It also requires a fluid decoding and assimilation of the text

and content in front of you. If the text is difficult and you stop every few minutes to figure out

what it is being said or to look up new words in the dictionary, you are breaking your

concentration and diverting your thoughts.

is just a passive intake of the

sound. For example, we are accustomed to the sounds of jeepneys or tricycle outside. We hear

those incidental sounds and, unless we have a reason to do otherwise,

is the act of

intentionally working to comprehend the sounds you hear. You analyze you understand the

meaning of the words you hear.

involves evaluating and making judgement

about what you hear.

Listen for facts and supporting details to understand and evaluate the

speaker’s message.

Imagine yourself in the other person’s position and try to understand what

he or she is thinking. Listening with empathy.

Identify and analyze aesthetic or artistic elements such as character

development, rhyme, imagery, and descriptive language.

Ask question to get information and use or reflect on the speaker’s

responses to form new questions.