Kidney pain is characterized by:

It causes violent hyperperistalsis with paroxysmal spasms. It is a very intense pain, accompanied by sweating, prostration and occasionally shock, The patients can also present nausea and/or vomiting. Usually, ureteral colic is more strongly and suddenly than renal one.

It is usually duller, less radiated, and more

It is an intense pain in the suprapubic region and urethra.

Pain accompanied by burning, dysuria and tenesmus. It radiates to the perineum and urethral meatus.

The presence of more than 5 red blood cells per microscopic field is called:

The precipitation of phosphates in alkaline urine causes:

Can be caused by allergic reactions, urethral irritants, and genitourinary trauma causing painful urination.

It may be due to:

1. Lack of emission (secretory): Kidney failure

2. Lack of excretion: (excretory): Blockage of upper urinary tract

Foam urine ->

<500 ml urine volume indicates:

>1,500 ml urine volume indicates:

Normal urine density fluctuates between:

< 150 mg of protein in 24 hr.

Casts: Precipitated protein

Casts: by degeneration of epithelial cells, leukocytes or erythrocytes, albumin and fat

Casts: made up of leukocytes agglutinated by a protein matrix

Casts: degenerated erythrocytes; and always indicate renal disease and are characteristic of nephritic syndromes.

Casts: suggest tubular flow is very slow, indicating chronic kidney disease.

It is characterized by different types of acute or chronic low back pain, accompanied by alterations in urination and modifications in the urine appearance.

The main origin of this syndrome comes from the presence of local

masses.

Glomerular inflammation defined by hematuria, oliguria, blood high pressure, and edema.

Immunological disorders are the most common causes, but it

can be origin from local or systemic infectious or inflammatory processes.

Defined by intense proteinuria (> 3.5 g/day), edema, hypoalbuminemia (<3.0 g/dl), alpha 2 globulin increased levels, hyperlipidemia, urinary fatty casts and hyper coagulation.

Caused by severe lesions of the glomerular capillary walls that results in massive filtering of proteins that exceed reabsorption tubular capacity.

Defined by rapid decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR, within hours to days) until oliguric ranges (< 20 ml/h or <400 ml/day), dysregulation of fluid and electrolyte balance, and retention of metabolic waste products.

Symptoms of AKI depends on the level of catabolites, therefore, these symptoms are from: acute uremia, neurologic (stupor), GI (uremic breath, nausea, vomiting, digestive tracts hemorrhages), hematologic symptoms (anemia, purpura).

Symptoms of AKI depends on the level of catabolites, therefore, these symptoms are from: hyperreflexia, muscle spasms, electrocardiographic

changes (T-spike waves, widening of the QRS complex, PR interval elongation, among others) that can lead in cardiac arrest

Symptoms of AKI depends on the level of catabolites, therefore, these symptoms are from:Blood pH: metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul’s breathing

Defined by the presence of a diminished GFR that is persistently < 60 mL/minute/1.73 m2 for at least 3 months, from any cause, and/or persistent albuminuria.

CKI can be present polyuria (range of 2 to 3 L/day), hypostenuria and gradual increasing of blood creatinine levels. It is characteristic the urine rhythm inversion (nicturia). These stages are often called compensated chronic renal failure.

[STAGE]

In CKI we can notice hyperazoemia and diuresis decrease until normal (pseudonormaluria) or oliguric ranges (< 400 ml/day) creatinine blood levels increasing, electrolyte imbalance, anemia (normocytic, normochromic)

[STAGE]

In CKI, the progression toward uremia or uremic syndrome.

[STAGE]

Defined by dramatic and irreversible hyperazoemia (>100 mg/dl) which is constantly increasing until it culminates in the death of the patient.

Stage 1: normal or high GFR

Stage2: mild decreased GFR

Stage 3A: mild to moderate decreased GFR

Stage 3B: mild to moderate decreased GFR

Stage 4: severely decreased GFR

Stage 5: Kidney failure