WorksheetsUnit 2 psychology
Total questions: 99
Worksheet time: 25hrs 45mins
tendency to believe we would have seen an outcome after learning it(I saw that coming)
sampling bias
hindsight bias
validity
illusory correlation
A fact based idea
theory
hypothesis
replication
operational definition
A statement predicting the outcome of a scientific study
theory
validity
variable
hypothesis
exact procedures used in establishing experimental conditions and measurement of results
replication
hindsight bias
operational definition
random assignment
doing a study again to see if results are the same(can only be done with operational definitions)
replication
survey
case study
naturalistic observation
intensive study on one/few that is useful for rare or new interests/findings
experiment
naturalistic observation
survey
case study
case study pros/cons
pro-can hopefully apply to others
pro-not in lab natural response
con-infer to relate to others
con-no controls; may be subjective
observing subjects in their natural enviornment
control group
survey
naturalistic observation
case study
naturalistic observation pros/cons
con-lots of room for bias
con-no controls; may be subjective
pro-not in lab; natural response
pro-large number of responses, quick to administer, things you cannot test in a lab
collect info about behaviors, attitudes, opinions, beliefs
naturalistic observation
survey
case study
double blind procedure
survey pros/cons
con-no controls; may by subjective
pro-no room for bias
pro-large number of responses, quick to administer, things you cannot test in a lab
con-lots of room for bias
a sample collected in a way that some members of intended population have lower of higher sample probability
hindsight bias
random sample
sampling bias
random assignment
everyone who could possibly be a participant in a study
population
correlation
confounding variable
random assignment
equal chance of being selected to participate
positive correlation
illusory correlation
random assignment
random sample
a relationship between 2 variables in which changes in 1 variable are reflected in changes in the other
correlation coeffiecient
illusory correlation
correlation
negative correlation
a number between -1/+1 expressing degree of relationships between 2 variables
illusory correlation
positive correlation
correlation
correlation coefficient
is correlation coefficient(r) strongest at 1 or negative 1
neither(0)
they are equal
-1
+1
not causation(manipulated/controlled) like an experiment
variable
illusory correlation
negaitve correlation
random assignment
dots on a graph used to represent values between variables
bar graph
negative correlation
positive correlation
scatter plot
variables move in the same direction(up, up)(down, down)
correlation
negative correlation
positive correlation
illusory correlation
variables move in the opposite direction(up, down)(down, up)
negative correlation
positive correlation
illusory correlation
correlation
perceiving a relationship between variables when no such thing exists
placebo effect
confounding variable
sampling bias
illusory correlation
if data is significantly higher or lower than the mean if measured again it will likely be closer
confounding variable
validity
normal distribution
regression towards mean
researcher controls all conditions and directly manipulates conditions(IV);cause and effect
experimental group
control group
experiment
double blind procedure
group that receives the Independent variable from researchers
skewed distribution
variable
experimental group
control group
group not exposed to Independent variable
control group
population
experimental group
variable
equal chance of being chosen for experiential or control group
double blind procedure
random assignment
random sample
sampling bias
neither researcher nor participants know who is in the experimental or control group
placebo effect
random assignment
double blind procedure
random sample
responses(change in brain) to the placebo that mimic responses to the IV die to expectations alone
random sample
placebo effect
confounding variable
sampling bias
the variable manipulate by the experiment(variable your trying to see the effects of)
independent variable
dependent variable
confounding variable
variable
the measured outcome of an experiment
confounding variable
independent variable
dependent variable
inferential statistics
have an unwanted influence on the outcome of an experiment; confused with IV
illusory correlation
skewed distributions
dependent variable
confounding (extraneous) variable
the degree to which results are actually measure what they intend to measure(accuracy)
inferential statistics
sampling bias
validity
random assignment
5 guidelines the APA enforces when one partakes in an experiment
random assignment
ethical guidelines
experimental group
sampling bias
statistical procedure used to describe characteristics and responses of groups and subjects
statistical significance
inferential statistics
skewed distribution
descriptive statistics
measures of central tendency
standard deviation
mean
range
mode
median
measures of variability
median
mode
range
standard deviation
mean
bell shaped curve, describing spread of a characteristic throughout a population
normal distribution
illusory correlation
skewed distribution
histogram
data that allows us to infer the probability of something being true of a population; generalize
normal distribution
inferential statistics
statistical significance
descriptive statistics
the probability that the results of a study might be due to chance is less the 5%
statistical significance
inferential statistics
normal distribution
descriptive statistics
list the normal distribution spread in highest to lowest numerical order(ex 10 9 8)
(a)
After the student council election, a friend tells you he could have guessed who would be elected president. What psychological phenomenon might this illustrate?
a. Common sense
b. Critical thinking
c. Hindsight bias
d. Overconfidence
e. Perceiving order in random events
While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?
a. It is higher. Once a streak begins, it is likely to last for a while.
b. It is lower. Since answers are distributed randomly, "c" answers become less common.
c. It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.
d. You should check your previous answers. Four "c's" in a row is impossible.
e. It is higher. Test constructors trick students by keeping the same answer many times in a row.
The tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions is called
a. hindsight bias.
b. overconfidence.
c. critical thinking.
d. skepticism.
e. Reliability.
Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias?
a. Armend is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in 20 years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis.
b. Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline.
c. Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 percent of the time.
d. Alliyah, after reading a definition on one of her flashcards, turns the card over to see the term and then tells herself she knew what the answer was all along.
e. Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.
Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?
a. An operational definition allows others to replicate the study.
b. An operational definition provides more context and includes many examples of the concept described.
c. An operational definition is easier to translate into multiple languages than a dictionary definition.
d. An operational definition uses more scientific language than a dictionary definition.
e. An operational definition is not necessary since a dictionary definition will work as well for replication.
A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year-olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?
a. Case study
b. Experiment
c. Random sample method
d. Naturalistic observation
e. Survey
Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey?
a. Are people more likely to vote Republican or Democrat in the next election?
b. Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals?
c. Does extra sleep improve memory?
d. What is the best study technique for AP exams?
e. What role does exercise play in weight loss?
A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)
a. theory.
b. hypothesis.
c. operational definition.
d. guess.
e. random sample.
Researchers are interested in finding out if voters are more likely to vote for congressional candidates who have more pleasant facial expressions. Starting at a random point, the researchers contact every hundredth person on the voter list to ask about candidate facial expressions. Which method are the researchers using in choosing the people they will call?
a. Random sample
b. Periodic sample
C. Biased sample
d. Survey
e. Operational definition
An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. For any given date, she is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did that day. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual using ques-tionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?
a. Naturalistic observation
b. Survey
c. Interview
d. Case study
e. Theory method
Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research?
a. Choosing a representative sample
b. Choosing a large sample
c. Choosing a biased sample
d. Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population
e. Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis
Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?
a. People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less.
b. Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males.
c. Students with lower IQ scores tend to have lower grades.
d. As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test.
e. Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades.
In an experiment to test the effects of room temperature on test performance the independent variable is
a. the scores on the test before the experiment begins.
b. the scores on the test at the end of the experiment.
c. whether the teacher was male or female.
d. the temperature of the room.
e. the style of test (multiple choice versus essay).
Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,
a. income and sleep levels are positively correlated.
b. income and sleep levels are negatively correlated.
c. income and sleep levels are inversely correlated.
d. income and sleep levels are not correlated.
e. lower income levels cause individuals to have fewer hours of sleep.
Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?
a. +0.30
b. +0.75
c. +1.3
d. -0.85
e. -0.05
The purpose of random assignment is to
a. allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable.
b. ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research.
c. eliminate the placebo effect.
d. reduce potential confounding variables.
e. generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables.
In a drug study, neither the participants nor the person distributing the pills knows who is receiving the new drug and who is receiving the placebo. This type of research design is said to be a(n)____study.
a. correlational
b. confounding
c. double-blind
d. single-blind
e. Illusory
What must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principle of informed consent?
a. Keep information about participants confidential.
b. Provide financial compensation to the participants.
c. Protect participants from potential harm.
d. Provide participants with enough information about a study to enable a rational decision about whether to participate.
e. Provide participants with a postexperimental explanation of the study.
Which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?
a. Institutional review board approval
b. Informed consent
c. Confidentiality
d. Debriefing
e. Protection from physical harm
The laboratory environment is designed to
a. exactly re-create the events of everyday life.
b. re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.
c. re-create psychological forces under random conditions.
d. minimize the use of animals and humans in psychological research.
e. provide the opportunity to do case study research.
Which of the following animal studies is most likely to receive approval?
a. Do monkeys who smoke get cancer?
b. Are dogs who are abused violent?
c. Will rats deprived of food for 1 week survive?
d. What are the effects of raising kittens in isolation?
e. Can dolphins learn simple language?
What is the range of the following: 12, 25, 33, 40, 80?
a. 68
b. 98
c. 33
d. 38
e. 190
Which measure of central tendency is most influenced by outliers (data that is extremely different from other data in the set)?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Standard deviation
e. Histogram
A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a 5 percent chance that results are due to chance. Which of the following is an accurate interpretation of this finding?
a. This is highly statistically significance.
b. This is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant.
c. This is not statistically significant.
There is no way to determine statistical significance without replication of the study.
e. Chance or coincidence is unrelated to statistical significance.
Descriptive statistics_____, while inferential statistics_____.
a. indicate the significance of the data; summarize the data
b. describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies
c. are measures of central tendency; are measures of variance
d. determine if data can be generalized to other populations; summarize data
e. summarize data; assess if data can be generalized
In a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean?
a. 34 percent
b. 40 percent
C. 50 percent
d. 68 percent
e. 95 percent
A student is interested in knowing how widely the academic aptitude of college-bound students varies at her school. Which of the following statistical methods should she use to determine how much students' SAT scores vary from the school's average SAT score?
a. Correlation coefficient
b. Mean
c. Median
d. Standard deviation
e. Range
Which method should a psychology researcher use if she is interested in testing whether a specific reward in a classroom situation causes students to behave better?
a. Case study
b. Experiment
c. Survey
d. Naturalistic observation
e. Correlation
In a perfectly normal distribution of scores, which of the following statements is true?
a. The mean, median, and mode are all the same number.
b. The mode is equal to the standard deviation.
c. The scores are positively correlated.
d. The mean minus the mode equals the median.
e. There is a positive skew to the distribution of data.
Which of the following describes the placebo effect?
a. Students in art class are not told that their work will be evaluated for a scholarship.
b. Participants in an experiment do not know if they are in the experimental or control group.
c. Participants in a drug study are given an inert pill instead of the drug and behave as though they were given the drug.
d. Only females are chosen for a study, even though the population included males.
e. Experimenters manipulate one variable in a study, but not any others.
Which of the following represents naturalistic observation?
a. Researchers go to the mall and distribute surveys about the stores in the mall.
b. Researchers bring participants into a laboratory to see how they respond to a puzzle with no solution.
c. A principal looks at the relationship between the number of student absences and their grades.
d. Researchers observe students' seating patterns in the cafeteria.
e. Two grandparents sit in the front row to watch their grandson's first piano recital.
"Monday morning quarterbacks" rarely act surprised about the outcome of weekend football games. This tendency to believe they knew how the game would turn out is best explained by which psychological principle?
a. Overconfidence
b. Hindsight bias
c. Common sense
d. Illusory correlation
e. Random sampling
Researchers studying gender have found that
a. there are more similarities than differences between the genders.
b. there are no significant cognitive differences between the genders.
c. there are no significant emotional differences between the genders.
d. research tools are not capable of determining if there are or are not true differences between the genders.
e. differences between the genders are becoming more pronounced over time.
A journalism student is writing an article about her school's new cell-phone policy, and she'd like to interview a random sample of students. Which of the following is the best example of a random sample?
a. The writer arrives at school early and interviews the first five students who come through the main entrance.
b. The writer pulls the names of five students from a hat that contains all students' names. She interviews the five selected students.
c. The writer asks her teacher if she can distribute a brief survey to the students in her AP® Psychology class.
d. The writer passes out brief surveys to 50 students in the hall and uses the 18 surveys returned to her as the basis of her article.
e. The writer asks the principal for the names of 10 students who have had their cell phones confiscated for a day for violating the policy. She interviews these 10 students.
Which of the following is a positive correlation?
a. As study time increases, students achieve lower grades.
b. As levels of self-esteem decline, levels of depression increase.
c. People who exercise regularly are more likely to be overweight.
d. Gas mileage decreases as vehicle weight increases.
e. Repeatedly shooting free throws in basketball is associated with a smaller percentage of missed free throws.
Why is random assignment of participants to groups an important aspect of a properly designed experiment?
a. If the participants are randomly assigned, the researcher can assume that the people in each group are similar.
b. By randomly assigning participants, the researcher knows that whatever is learned from the experiment will also be true for the population from which the participants were selected.
c. Random assignment keeps expectations from influencing the results of the experiment.
d. If participants are not randomly assigned, it is impossible to replicate the experiment.
e. Statistical analysis cannot be performed on an experiment if random assignment is not used.
Which of the following demonstrates the need for psychological science?
a. Psychology's methods are unlike those of any other science.
b. Psychological experiments are less valuable without psychological science.
c. Our commonsense thinking about human thoughts and behaviors is not always accurate.
d. Commonsense thinking does not provide correct answers unless it is applied through the scientific method.
e. Psychological science research is superior to that of other sciences such as biology and physics.
Which of the following is a potential problem with case studies?
a. They provide too much detail, and the researcher is likely to lose track of the most important facts.
b. They are generally too expensive to be feasible.
c. The information learned may not apply to the wider population.
d. They are technically difficult and most researchers don't have the skills to do them properly.
e. The dependent variable is difficult to operationally define in a case study.
Which of the following is not an ethical principle regarding experimental research on humans?
a. Researchers must protect participants from needless harm and discomfort.
b. Participants must take part in the study on a voluntary basis.
c. Personal information about individual participants must be kept confidential.
d. Research studies must be fully explained to participants when the study is completed.
e. Participants should always be informed of the hypothesis of the study before they agree to participate.
There is a negative correlation between TV watching and grades. What can we conclude from this research finding?
a. We can conclude that this is an illusory correlation.
b. We can conclude that TV watching leads to lower grades.
c. We can conclude that TV watching leads to higher grades.
d. We can conclude that the grades students get impact their TV watching habits.
e. We can conclude that a student who watches a lot of TV is likely to have lower grades.
Which of the following groups of scores would have the smallest standard deviation?
а. 20, 40, 60, 80, 100
b. 5, 15, 25, 35, 45
c. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10
d. 100, 200, 300, 400, 500
e. 15, 30, 45, 60, 75
Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S. presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third(Group C) were given mint- flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. The dependent variable in this study is
a. the mint candy.
b. the test scores
c. the cookies.
d. eating any food
e. the list of presidents.
Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S. presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third(Group C) were given mint- flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. The independent variable in this study is
a. the mint candy.
b. the test scores.
c. the cookies.
d. the food treatment.
e. the list of presidents
Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S. presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third(Group C) were given mint- flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. Which of the following are the experimental group (s) of this study?
a. Group A
b. Group B
c. Group C
d. Groups A & C
e. Groups B & C
Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S. presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third(Group C) were given mint- flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. Which of the following is/are the control group(s) of this study?
a. Group A
b. Group B
c. Group C
d. Groups A & B
e. Groups B & C
Researchers wanted to find out if eating cookies would increase a person's ability to remember the names of U.S. presidents. Thirty males and 30 females were used in the experiment. A third of these people (Group A) were given cookies while studying the names. Another third (Group B) were given nothing while studying the names. The final third(Group C) were given mint- flavored candy while studying the names. After gathering all their results, the researchers found that Group A did substantially better than Group B, but about the same as Group C. Which of the following is the best conclusion for this study?
a. Eating cookies will always improve memory recall.
b. Eating cookies tends to improve memory recall.
c. Eating cookies or mint candy tends to improve memory recall
d. Eating nothing is associated with poor concentration.
e. Eating mint-flavored candy will always improve memory recall
Tamara scored 145 on an IQ test with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. What is her z-score?
a. -3
b. -1.5
c. +.67
d. 1.5
e. 3
Psychologists generally prefer the experimental method to other research methods because
a. Experiments are more likely to support psychologists’ hypotheses.
b. Experiments can show cause-effect relationships.
c. It is easier to obtain a random sample for an experiment.
d. Double blind designs are unnecessary in an experiment.
e. Experiments are more likely to result in statistically significant findings.
Sandy scores a perfect 100 on a test that everyone fails. If we were to graph this distribution, it would be
a. Symmetrical
b. Normal
c. Positively skewed
d. Negatively skewed
e. A straight line
Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusual or rare phenomena?
a. Controlled experiment
b. Quasi-experiment
c. Test
d. Survey
e. Case study
Charlotte, a nursery school student, hypothesizes that boys have fights with the finger paints more than girls do. She tests her hypothesis by casually watching the finger- painting table for three days of nursery school. What method is she using?
a. Field experiment
b. Informal survey
c. Case study
d. Naturalistic observation
e. Ethnography
Jen collects survey data that indicates that students who spend more time preparing for the AP test tend to do better than other students. Jen can now conclude that
a. Studying improves exam grades.
b. A relationship exists between studying and exam grades.
c. A significant correlation exists between studying and exam grade.
d. Anyone who does not study will do poorly on the exam.
e. Better students tend to study more.
Hypothesis: Students will be able to read a statement printed in the Comic Sans font faster than the same statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font. The dependent variable in an experiment based on this would be
a. The statement written in the Comic Sans font
b. The statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font
c. The length of the time it takes students to read the statements
d. The students who read the statements written in the Comic Sans font
e. The number of students who participate in the experiment
Of the following, which research method would be most appropriate for investigating the relationship between political party membership and attitude toward the death penalty?
a. Controlled experiment
b. Quasi-experiment
c. Test
d. Survey
e. Case study
Of the following, the strongest positive correlation would most likely be shown between
a. An adult’s weight and running speed
b. Close friendships and happiness
c. Sense of humor and years of education
d. Poverty and good health
e. Visual acuity and salary
For a normally distributed test with a mean of 60 and a standard deviation of 10, what percentage of students scored a 70 or above?
a. 34%
b. 16%
c. 84%
d. 50%
e. 60%
Of the following, which can establish a cause and effect relationship?
a. Controlled experiment
b. Quasi-experiment
c. Correlational research
d. Both a and c
e. All of them
What is the median of the following distribution: 6, 2, 9, 4, 7, 3?
a. 4
b. 5
c. 5.5
d. 6
e. 6.5
