WcO has worldwide membership of 180 Customs administrations across the

Globe that collectively process approximately -

of world trade.

As the global center of

customs expertise: the ___ is the (only) international organization with competence in

cusioms matters and (can rightly call itself) the voice of the international customs

community.

IS AN INDEPENDENT INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORG DEDICATED EXCLUSIVELY TO INTERNATIONAL CUSTOMS AND BORDER CONTROL MATTER. IT WORKS IN AREAS COVERING DEV OF INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION, INSTRUMENTS AND TOOLS ON TOPICS SUCH AS COMMODITY CLASSI, VALUATION, ROO, COLLECTION OF CUSTOMS REVENUE, SUPPLY CHAIN SECURITY, INTERNATIONAL TRADE FACI, CUSTOMS ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES, COMBATING COUNTERFEITING IN SUPPORT OF INTELLECTURAL PROPERTY RIGHTS, INTEGRITY PROMOTION AND DELIVERING SUSTAINABLE CAPACITY BUILDING TO ASSIST WITH CUSTOMS REFORMS AND MODERNIZATION

WCO has its headquarter in -

These are the main functions of -

To examine the technical aspects of customs systems, as well as the economic

factors related thereto, in order to propose practical means of attaining the highest

possible degree of harmony and uniformity;

To prepare draft conventions on customs matters;

application of conventions;

To recommend measures that would ensure the uniform interpretation and

To make recommendations for the settlement of disputes concerning

- the

interpretation or application of the conventions (WCO is not a court and cannot side

with one party or the other);

To furnish interested governments, on its own initiative or upon request, information

or advice on customs matters; and

To cooperate with other intergovernmental organizations on matters within ils

competence

To make recommendations for the settlement of disputes concerning

- the

interpretation or application of the conventions (- is not a court and cannot side

with one party or the other);

The - is the only international organization dealing exclusively with customs

matters.

It provides for a forum where delegates representing a large variety of

members could tackle customs issues on equal footing.

Each member has one

representative and is entitled to one vote.

- highest body composed of the Directors-General of Customs from all

members and is assisted by the Finance Committee (17 members) and by the policy

Commission (24 members). The ___ meets once a year with the aim of securing

the highest degree of harmony and uniformity in the customs systems of Member

Governments, and especially to study the problems inherent in the development and

improvement of customs techniques and customs legislation in connection

therewith.

established to act as a dynamic steering group to the council

highest body composed of the Directors General of Customs from all members and is assisted by the finance committee - and by the policy commission -

The council meets - with the aim of securing the highest degree of harmony and uniformity in the customs systems of Member Govement, and especially to study the problems inherent in the development and improvement of customs technique and customs legislation in connection therewith

administers the InTernational Convention. on the Hs to ensure

that the hs keeps abreast of technical progress and international trade developments; resolves specific classification problemsn and

acts as an arbitrator in customs disputes between countries and makes decission regarding

the tariff code applicable to goods.

acts under the overall direction of the Hs

Committee 'on the review and amendments of the HS having regard to the needs

of the users and to changes in technology or in patterns of international trade,

and on the preparation of consequential amendments to the Explanatory Notes

and Compendium of Classification Opinions.

- assists the HS Committee and the Review Sub.

Committee in their technical work, particularly on the draft HS legal texts and

Explanatory Notes involving scientific issues, and with regard to questions

involving the classification of chemical products and those involving scientific

issues.

under the overall direction of the HS

Committee, drafts the texts of possible amendments to the HS Nomenclature,

Explanatory Notes and Compendium of Classification Opinions before their final

adoption by the HS Committee.

together with the WTO Committee on

Rules of Origin, is charged with the implementation of the work program on the

harmonization of rules of origin; examines specific technical problems arising in

the day-to-day administration of the rules of origin of Members and give advisory

opinions on appropriate solutions based upon the facts presented; and furnishes

information and advice on any matter concerning the origin determination of

goods as may be requested by any Member.

is responsibie for matters

pertaining to customs valuation; and prepares opinions, commentaries,

explanatory notes, case studies and surveys.

consists of Permanent Technical Committee,

Information Management SubCommittee, Revised Kyoto Convention Management

Committee, Istanbul Convention Administrative Committee, Contracting Parties to

the ATA Convention, Air Cargo Security Technical Experts Group, Contact

Committee for the WCO/IATA/ICAO Guidelines on Advanced Passenger

Information, UPUNCO Contact Committee, Administrative Committee for the

Customs Convention on Containers, 1972, and Ad Hoc Group on Globally

Networked Customs,

consists of Enforcement Committee, Working Group

on Commercial Fraud, Global Information and Intelligence Strategy Project Group,

WCO Counterfeiting and Piracy Group, and Electronic Crime Expert Group.

consists of Capacity Building Committee and Integrity Sub-

Committee.

The - or simply Harmonized Sytem (HS), is a multipurpose product nomenclature designed to serve as an integrated internationally standardized and accepted coding system or classifying traded products in order to facilitate international trade

All traded products can be classified into the HS utilizing the - The product listing in the HS is generally arranged

according to the degree of processing categories, with increasing complexity The HS is

organized into 21 Sections subdivided into 97 Chapters (with Chapter 77 reserved for

future international use).

provides six

(6) rules that establish' Classication principles throughout the Is to ensure uniform

classification of goods clans and the same neading (and subheading). They shoulf

be applied in hierarchical order.

A list of - arranged in systematic order, generally according to degree of

processing and, where appropriate, further subdivided into subheadings.

The - is the intergovernmental commitment of the contracting

parties to abide by its provisions. one of which is to agree to use the HS up to the 6-digit

level as the basis for their national customs tariff and statistics nomenclature.

The - is composed of representatives from each of the contracting

parties which is convened by the - to update the HS

regularly.

Administrative decisions of the HS Committee having budgetary implications

shall be subject to approval by the -

The - before the approval of the Instrument of Accession, opted to

adopt the HS on a de facto basis to keep abreast of the latest internationally accepled

nomenclature in goods classification which is the basis for the conduct of our trade with

the rest of the world.

The Philippines formally adopted the HS on July 1, 1988 and implemented the

same in October 1988. This is in accordance with the daled

November 25, 1987 and EO 688 dated May 1, 1981 mandating the Tariff Commission

to align the TCCP (now CMTA) with all future amendments to the CCCN (now HS).

The HS is reflected in - of the CMTA which provide for

the General Rules for the Interpretation of the HS and the list of headings with

corresponding rates of import duty, respectively. The HS effects uniformity in the

classification of goods and standardizes commercial documents which ultimately

promote trade facilitation.

The on the HS emphasizes the

importance of ensuring that the HS is kept up to date in the light of changes in

technology and patterns of international trade. Article 7 of the HS Convention further

states that it is for the HS Commitle to propose such amendments to the HS

Convention as may be considered desirable, having regard, in particular, to the needs

of users.

At its first Session, the HS Committee decided to set up the HS Review Sub-

Committee, which has the task of revising the HS in accordance with the Committee's

general indications and preparing the necessary amendments to the HS Nomenclature.

The Committee also agreed to allow an interval of four - between each

recommendation amending the HS Nomenclature under Article 16 of the HS

Convention.

The amendments are subjected to the process stipulated in - of the

CMTA. A public consultation is conducted to disseminate the adoption of the

amendments to the HS Nomenclature. A - will be issued to

formally adopt the HS amendments.

do not form an integral part of the HS Convention but they

constitute the official interpretation of the HS at international level. They must always

be read in strict conformity with the texts of the system itself, from which they cannot

be dissociated, and in particular with the Interpretative Rules and the Section,

Chapter and Subheading Notes. Together with the HS nomenclature, amendments

are also made when necessary.

an alphabetical list of the articles mentioned in the HS and the

Explanatory Notes. It facilitates the location of references in the HS Nomenclature or

in the Explanatory Notes to any of the products or articles mentioned therein.

consists of the classification opinions

adopted by the WCO on the advice of the HS Committee on opinions and arranged

in the order of the headings of the HS. Nomenclature.

The AHTN is an 8 digit commodity nomenclature that is based on the HS of the WCO. it was conceptualized by the - in order to have a common tariff nomenclature to facilitate trade within the - The first AHTN Code using the - version was adopted in 2004, incorporporating products that are significantly traded by the AMSs. the AHTN is used as a

- Uniform tariff nomenclature with ASEAN

-Base for preferential tariff purposes in AFTA and other free trade areas; and

- Base for the collection of trade statistics

The - is comprised of the lil General Rules for the Interpretation of the HS,

(i) Section and Chapter Noles, including Subheading Notes, and (li) a list of headings

arranged in systematic order and, where appropriate, sübdivided into subheadings.

What are the advantages of the - ?

Establishes uniformity of application in the classification of goods in ASEAN;

Enhances transparency in the classification process for goods in the region; and

Simplifies the tariff nomenclature system of AMSs to facilitate trade in the region.

What is the - ?

Defines the legal framework governing the implementation of the AHTN and its

implementing rules and explanatory notes.

Signed by the Governments of Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos,

2003 in -

Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam on August 07,

The Second Protocol to amend the Protocol Governing the Implementation of the

AHTN was signed on April 08, 2010 in -

responsible for monitoring, reviewing.

Supervising all aspects relaling to the implementalion of the AMTN Protocol

is the forum for all decisions relating to the

implementation of the AHTN Protocol.

provide the necessary support for

supervising,

Joordinating and reviewing the implementation of the ÁHTN Protocol and assist hi:

ASEAN Directors-General of Customs en mallers relating thereto; and resentihe

for assisting the experts panel and AMSs in monitoring and reviewing the Aiths!

Each - shall abide by the HS Code and shall apply the AHTN up to the f

digit level for all trade transactions for tariff, the collection of stalistical dala and "oiner

Amendments to the AHTN shall only be made in accordance with Article 5

Amendments of the AHITN) and Article 6 (Amendment Procedures) of Ine Probatis

How do AMs provide for national subdivisions?

Beyond the 8-digit AHTN level, each AMS could create national tariff lines through

their domestic procedures. The Philippines assigns - to denote

its national tariff lines

To incorporate newly created national subheadings in the AHTN, proposals for

amendments shall be made by the - to the - of

Customs through the -

The - shall be the forum to allow amendments

to the AHTN. They may convene an experts' panel consisting of representatives

from all the AMSs. The decisions of the ASEAN Directors-General of Customs shall

be made by consensus.

AHTN may be amended:

Import andior export for the product amounts to at least one million US dollars

____for the last three (3) years preceding the review;

ahtn may be amended:

Subheadings should reflect a single, unique code for à defined commodity to avoid

criteria for classification;

What is a tarifff classification ruling?

A ____is a binding ruling by the ___ pursuant to Section 1100 of RA 10863 (CMTA). It contains a ruling number, date of issue, name and detailed description of the good, the 8 digit AHTN commodity code under which the good is properly classified, the appicable MFN and preferential rates of duty, and the legal justification for the Commision's classification

What is the importance of correct tariff classification of goods?

Whether for import or export, a produci needs to be properiy classified in order

to _____ Delays in the clearance and release of goods, overpayment of duties, and

other penalties, including seizure, can result from faulty customs declarations.

Who may apply for Advance Rulings?

____ may apply for an Advance Ruling on Tariff Classification*

while application for a Ruling on a Declared Tariff Classification that is in Dispute may

be filed by the ___

What are the requirements in applying for an Advance Ruling on Tarif

Classification?

The applicant is required to accomplish _____(Application for Advance

Ruling on Tariff Classification) which is available at the Commission and downloadable

from its website. TC Form 1 should be accomplished in ____ and submitted to the

Commission together with product sample, brochure stating the description/technical

specification/use of the product, chemical composition as certified by the manufacturer,

and process of manufacture.

How long does it take for the Commission to process requests for tariff

classification rulings?

The Tariff Commission shall comply to such requests ______ thereof with complete requirements.

Also, should there be any dispute on a declared tariff classification of goods

ruling on R0O, the ____ shall submit the matter to the Commission for a ruling,

without prejudice to the application of Section 1106 of CMTA on "protest", provided, that

such rulings of the Commission on commodity classification shall be binding upon the

Bureau of Customs, unless the Secretary of Finance shall rule otherwise.

When can an advance ruling on tariff classification be filed?

Under Section 1103 of CMTA, the application for an advance ruling shall be filed

______ of the product or item, as

the case may be.

Single, formal and permanent in emaional ride organizalion dealing with the rules

of trade between nations;

WTO came into being in 1995 and was created, after the culmination of long, intense negotiations, under the auspices of the ____

The ___ is an international agreement concluded in1947 the multilateral treaty which provides a code of agreed rules for international trade embodying right and obligations of legal character which entered into forces on January 01, 1948 until 1994

The ___ is one of the

founding members alongside other ASEAN countries, namely Brunei Darussalam,

Indonesia; Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore and Thailand of WTO

WTO composed by represantaivegngbr

the meptovice polishall meet at least once five Compgserears to reviaw the enda to

work: / WOrK a Pnlitical guidance and difectivery/wo (2) yearand set the

Day-to-day work in between the ministerial conferences is handled by WTO three bodies:

All WTO three bodies are in fact the same which is handled by the ___ allhough

They meet under different terms of reference.

Also, the Agreement Establishing the

WTO states are all under the General Council. All three consist of all WTO members

which report to the ___

for each WTO broad are of trade, and more

WTO three more councils, each handling a different broad area of trade, report to the

General Council:

ambassadors or delegates (who meet ___ in Geneva).

Decisions are normally taken by ____

As a set of multilaterally-agreed rules governing the trade behaviour of governments

providing, in essence, the rules of the road for trade;

As a forum for trade negotiations in which the trade environment is liberalized and

made more predictable either through the opening of national markets or the

reinforcement and extension of the rules themselves; and

As an international court in which governments can resolve disputes with other WTO

members.

ensures that trade must be conducted on the basis of non-discrimination and that all contractic parties are bound to grant to each other treatment no less favouravle than that accorded to like products of any contracting parties in the application and administration of import and export duties and charges. Exception to this basic rule are granted only under certain special circumstances such as regional trading arrangements and the special situation and requirements of developing countries.

ensures that protection can only be given to a domestic industry through custom tariffs not through other commercial measures.

the binding of tarriff levels negotiated among the contracting parties, provides a stable and predictable basis for trade. Althrough provision is made for the renogotiation of bound tariffs, a return to higher tariffs is discouraged by the requirement that any increase in tariff shall be compensated for.

to avoid damage to the trading interest of contracting parties, large and small countries alie can call on WTO for a fair settlement of cases in which they feel that their rights under the General Agreement are being witheld or compromised by other members. This helps clarify difficulties and find equitable solutions to them

- a general prohibition to institute or maintain quantitative

restrictions was established at a tine when quantitative restrictions were widespread

and were, perhaps the greatest single obstacle to world trade: Today, quantitative

restrictions are lesser significance although they remain fairly numerous

Particularly affecied are trade in agricultural goods, textiles and certain non:

agricultural products of export interest to developing countries.

group of countries agree to abolish barrriers against import from one another have been established in many parts of the world in recent years. The WTO recognizes

the value of closer integration of national economies through free trade as an

exception to the general rule of MFN treatment provided that certain strict rules are

adhered to. The rules are intended to ensure that the arrangements facilitate trade

among the countries concerned without raising barriers to trade with the outside

world.

waiver procedures that WTO members

may, when their economic or trade circumstances so warrant, seek a derogation

from particular WTO obligations. It is recognized that, on occasion, governments

feel they have no choice but to offer domestic industries temporary protection from

imports. The WTO Agreement on Safeguards permits such action in carefully

defined circumstances. A member may impose import restrictions or suspend tariff

concessions on products which are being imported in increased quantities and

which cause, or are likely to cause, serious injury to competing domestic products.

WTO Trade liberalization is administered through the conduct of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations referred to as "rounds" to remove or reduce barriers to world trade.

the creation of GATTin 1948, ___ of negotiations had been held initially focusing on the reduction of tariff levels that resulted in the lowering of industrial tariffs

in developed countries to about 7% on he average.

Eighth round or Multilateral Trade Negolialions conducied within the framework of

the GATT; spanning 1986 to 1994 and ambracing 4523 countries as contradlines

It covered areas never before integrated into GATT - agriculture, texiles

and clothing, services, trade-related intellectual property rights,

investment measures.

and trade-related

The

Organization.

UR transformed the

GATT

into the World Trade

The Final Act embodying the thirty (30) agreements and 22 ministerial decisionn

resulting from the UR, and the Agreement to establish ine World Trade Organization

was signed on April 15, 1994 at ____ The UR came into effect in

1995 and implemented up to 2000. In the case of developing country contrading

parties, implementation was extended to 2004 under the administrative direction of

the newly-created WTO.

Eighth round or Multilateral Trade Negolialions conducied within the framework of

the GATT; spanning 1986 to 1994 and ambracing 123 countries as _____

It covered areas never before integrated into GATT - agriculture, texiles

and clothing, services, trade-related intellectual property rights,

investment measures.

and trade-related

The

Organization.

UR transformed the

GATT

into the World Trade

negotiating topics ranged from trade measures against

unfair trade such as anti-dumping and countervailing measures, trade measures to

protect a country against import surges and a deterioration of its balance-of payments,

e.g.,safeguards, trade restrictions, customs valuation, subsidies,

intellectual property rights, and investment measures; and

- includes negotiations in industrial tarifis, agriculture, textiles and

clothing, and services;

These are temporary measure (eg, higher tariff quotas, quantitave restrictions) that may be taken to allow a country , whose domestic industries or workers are seriously injured by inreased bit fairly traded imports, time to adjust to foreign competetion

includes dispute settlement and ways by which to improve the

conduct of the multilateral trading system, e.g., trade policy review.

This measure is against imports of a product that are

dumped (i.e., sold at an export price that is below the selling price of the product

in the exporting country) and such dumped imports cause injury to the domestic

industry of the importing country.

Subsidized imports, like dumped imports, can be

countered with a special duty called "countervailing duty"

The UR reaffirms that a country can restrict imports if its balance-of-payments is, thretened by increased imports, Restriction can come in the form of price-based measures(import subcharges import requirements) over the bound duty rates of a member country, subject to the Understanding on the Balance of Payments Provision of GATT 1994 Consultation are required four (4) months from the adoption of a balance of payment measure

The WTO allows a renegoliation of bound

brills subject to the requirement that a return to higher tariffs be, compensaled

the sEor example, I import surges Of say, apples plague the local fruit industry:

( bound tariff on apples or 45% ban be renegolated. In exchange for an

increase in the bound larifi on apples, a trading partner affecled by such

increase could probably request that P be compensaled by a reduction in the

tariff on, say, paper products.

is a promise not to raise tariffs beyond a specified race

is a level that is higher than the applied (or exisling) tarif

Establish a fair and market-oriented agricultural trading system and that a reform

process should be initiated through the negotiation of commitments on support and

protection and through the establishment of strengthened and more operationally

effective GATT rules and disciplines;

Provide for substantial progressive reductions in agricultural support and protection

sustained over an agreed period of time, resulting in correcting and preventing

restrictions and distortions in world agricultural markets; and

Commit to achieve specific binding commitments in the area of market

access; domestic support; export competition; and to reaching an agreement on

sanitary and phytosanitary issues.

Commitment by a

partners beyond which tariffs may nor

goiuntry to bind the tariff at a liked level negotiated with its trading

parties. The binding of tariffs in the WTO provide wanauble and predictable basis for

trade

The new rule for market access in agricultural products is _____. Before the

UR, agricultural imports were restricted by import quotas, import licensing, import

prohibition and other non-tariff measures.

Agreement covering agricultural products (HS Chapters, d to 24 less fish and fish

producis plus verlain producis in Chapters 29, 33, 35, 38, 41, 43 50, 51, 52, 53)

negotiated during the UR of Multilateral Trade Negotiations of the WTO.

Members of the Agreement, including the Philippines, entered into binding

commitments on market access, domestic support, export competition, and the

agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary issues.

Minimum Access Volumes (MAVs) which are pre-negotiated are set for products which

can be imported at lower tariff rates, also called ___

Under the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, all

quantitative restrictions would have to be removed and converted into ordinary customs

duties corresponding to their ad valorem equivalents. This is the process known as

_____

The tariffication system operates through a mechanism called

For developing countries like the Philippines (entitled to special & differential

treatment) - tariff concessions/commitments is implemented over a ten For developing countries like the Philippines (entitled to special & differential

treatment) - tariff concessions/commitments is implemented over a ____ period from 1995 UP 1o 200%. This meant hal out quola tail, which are tally taif

gellings, would havg49, be reduced by a minh/mum of 10% for sach fahrinte a by a

Simple average of 24% for all tarif lines within ten /10) years.

for developed countries - cut their tariffs by a minimum of 15% per product and by

¿n average cut of 26% for all products over ___ from 43055 - 200

Volumes to be

imported outside of the MAV's are levied higher rates called set at

more-or-less the equivalent level of protection afforded by the quantitative restrictions

which was removed.

RA 8178 provides for a mechanism called ___ which authorizes the

President to increase the MAVs with the concurrence of Congress. In effect, the in-

quota volumes of products which have been forecast to be in short supply, or where

their domestic prices have risen abnormally during a given year, will be increased to

pre-set levels based on prevailing demand and supply conditions.

RA 8178 provides for a mechanism called ___ which authorizes the

President to increase the MAVs with the concurrence of Congress. In effect, the in-

quota volumes of products which have been forecast to be in short supply, or where

their domestic prices have risen abnormally during a given year, will be increased to

pre-set levels based on prevailing demand and supply conditions.

which is the basic staple grainle

the Philippines was not tariffed in the UR.

Agreement' el Agriculture on June 30. 2005. the Phille2joi over Vignt reauested iha

Agreement% hi ipodial realment on nice unli June 2012a The WITO approved lie

«extensiandi no quantitative restriction on rice was maintained uniljune 2012. In lih€

VeCH ThiS: E0 627 was issued on June 15, 2007 to reduce the MEN rates on certa

agriculture producis (e9, mechanically deboned meat to compensate other Wil

member countries for the requested ____ extension of the special treatmen

on rice.

Meanwhile, Executive Order (EO) 191 modified the rates on certain agricultural

products under EO 851 (s.2009) to accelerate the ______ rates of duty on certain agricultural products as concession for

the requested waiver relating to Special Treatment for Rice.

As speciall treatment countries, the predominant staple in the traditional diet of developing a country shall be ____ from tarrification. However MAVs have to be provided corresponding to 1% of the base period domestic consumption of the product concerned increasing over time to up 4% of domestic consumption in the final yea of implementation.

With the expiralion of the special treatment on rice in June 2012, the Philippines

notified the ____ requesting for the continuance of the waiver on

special treatment for rice until June 2017.

The WTO General Council approved the

request for extension of the waiver on July 24, 2014.

is a multilateral agreement enforced by

the WTO which aims to eliminate tariff and non-aif baftlens-coitalle*h"203 if

products.

Established in March 1997, the Committee of Participants on the Expansion of

Trade in Information Technology Products _____ oversees the

Implementation of the provisions of the ITA. It serves as the forum for meetings and

collective consultations among the participants concerning the following issues:

(i)

examination of classification divergences; (li) consultations on non-tariff barriers; (ili)

Invitation of new participants; and (iv) discussions on implementation matters. All

decisions of the ITA Committee are arrived at by consensus

The product coverage of ITA has been expanded ___ to include new categories of IT products

The _______ which provided for the

elimination/binding of tariffs on certain IT products beginning July 1, 1997 and ending on

January 1, 2000 with extended staging of tariff reductions up to the year 2005 for

developing countries was concluded at the _____ on

December 13, 1996.

The _______ providing for eliminationlinding of tariffs on IT products beginning July 1,

2016 and ending on July 1, 2019 (with flexibility for sensitive products until July 1, 2023)

was concluded at the ______

Both Declarations provide that participants shall meet _____to review the

Product coverage specified in the Attachments. The objective is to agree, by consensus,

Whether, in the light of technological developments or experience in applying the tariff

concessions, or changes to the HS Nomenclature, the Attachments should be modified

10 incorporate additional products. Another objective of the periodic meetings is to

consult on non-tariff barriers to trade in IT products.

The work program, based on a proposal submitted by was adopted

after intensive consultations conducted by the ITA Committee. It was also agreed that

the Committee "may, as appropriate, draw on the expertise of regulatory, industry, and

relevant WTO and other international bodies with due regard to the intergovernmental

nature of the WTO." Among the non-tariff barriers cited by the IT industry which

adversely affect the expansion of trade in IT products are redundant testing and

certification requirements by various countries and problems with import licenses.

Latest round, of multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO, launched on November 9-13, 2001 at

Negotiation on agriculture began in early 2000. At the November 2001 ____

Latest round, of multilateral trade negotiations at the WTO, launched on November

9-13, 2001 at ____

Often referred to as a ____

as it envisions to address issues of special interest to developing and least developed countries.

Also known semi-officially as the _____ as its fundamental objective is to improve the trading prospects of developing countries

The bilateral item by item country by country type of negotiating tariffs is the ____ tradition

is a special case of harmonizing tariff cuts

At Doha, the Minister agreed to initiate to further liberalize trade on ______

is the method whereby all tariffs, regardless of their levels, are reduced by an agreed percentage

seeks to reduce high tariffs more than those that are relatively low

aims to complete the elimination (or harmonization) in given sector amd was applied during UR negotiations, and more recently, in the 1997

combines the above three techniques in the negotiations in order to achieve more meaningful tariff reductions. This was the techniques used at the UR

In general, the proposed modality consist of a formula approach, with the provisions for special and different treatment, supplemented by ____the following proposals have been offered.

The base rate to be used is the 2001 MFN tariff plus mark up then apply the Swiss Formula to get the new bound rates. What is being processed by countries is what the appropriate mark up for the unbound tariffs should be. The mark up is intended to adjust unbound tariff upwards, and only then will the Swiss Formula be applied on the adjusted tariff

These are used as the base rate to be applied in the Swiss Formula in arriving at the new bound rates. A new bound rate lower than the applied rate indicates that real market access is achieved