Three Dimensions of Development

➢Social Justice

➢Economic efficiency

➢________________

Tried to resettle people occupying forest areas into towns for easier supervision, registration of native inhabitants

American Period

Commonwealth Act (Act No. 447)

Growing concern about tropical deforestation coupled with unsubstantiated belief that this was caused by people in need of fuelwood and other forest products

Forest governance operated within the context of great diversity in scale, culture and tenure systems ranging from sultanates to more egalitarian hunter-gatherers

Release by ____ of its influential 1978 Forestry Sector Policy Brief, which called for a major change in direction of development within the sector in favor of environmental forest protection and meeting local needs

Forest Law

Kaingin Council Meeting

Pioneering Period (or Limited Devolution Phase)

The myth of Regalian Doctrinvested ownership of all land in the country to the Spanish crown

Establishment of the Inspeccion General de Montes

Certain minimum requirements of family for private consumption and Essential services provided for and by the community at large

The Emergence of Community Forestry

➢ Policies and programs opened space, albeit very limited, to accommodate forest occupancy

➢ Involved individuals and upland communities in soil conservation, forest protection, reforestation, and establishment of tree plantations

Refers to changes within the forest, whether natural or human-induced, that negatively affect the structure and function of the stand or site, and thereby lower the capacity of the resulting degraded forest to supply products and/or services (FAO 2006).

Kaingin Law (Act No. 274)

Definitive Forest Laws and Regulations (Royal Decree of the King of Spain)

Commonwealth Act (Act No. 447)

National Conference on Kaingin Problem

Date where publication of the influential Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future –sustainable development became an international agenda

Logging the Way to Underdevelopment

Spanish Era

Year where Stockholm Conference on Human Development: ”sustainable development” was first used

Seen as effective catalyst for economic development and Increased economic activity in the forestry sector will readily diffuse to other sectors of the economy

Redistribution with growth and basic needs approach Forestry for local community development

Inspeccion General de Montes was turned into Forestry Bureau through General Order No. 50, dated April 14, 1900

Legalized land ownership through titling

The Emergence of Community Forestry

➢ Reorganization of DENR

➢ Liberalization of forest access to upland communities and experimentation with more “people-oriented” forestry programs

The conversion of forest to another land use or the long-term reduction of the tree canopy below the minimum 10 percent threshold (FAO 200

prescribed that logging operations should be under sustained-yield management to be implemented through selective logging system

Forest Act (Act No. 1148)

- Established research facilities in 1910 in UPLB

- Introduction of colonial ‘scientific forestry’ resulted in timber being perceived as the major forest resource, the rest lumped as minor forest products

Land ownership was generally communal

He states that "The Role of Forestry in the Attack on Economic Underdevelopment"

The Emergence of Community Forestry

➢ Institutionalization of different people-oriented forestry programs and projects to ensure continuity and enhance effectiveness

are a most important asset of country’s wealth –an asset that every poor country posses or could possess –for they provide a renewable raw material for a whole range of industries which have acquired great importance in many industrially advanced countries. This asset is very often neglected in less develop economies, or exploited only as a raw material for export.

The direct human-induced conversion of forested land to non-forested land (Kyoto Protocol)

Sustained Yield was reiterated as the appropriate forest management approach

Creation of Inspeccion General de Montes (IGM) or Forest Service

He states that Social Forestry is a concept of forest creation, management and utilization of goods and services generated for the benefit of society.

He states that Social Forestry is to promote social equity: eg., to provide access to forest goods, services and opportunities particularly to the people who have been deprived of or by-passed by the productive benefits of the forests

He states that Social Forestry is any activity, such as the purposive growing of trees, certain techniques in crop production, soil conservation and others, of a culture-bearing and symbol-sharing social group

He states that Social Forestry is a branch of forestry that deals with the active involvement of people in forestry that are designed to promote the socioeconomic well-being of the people themselves as well as the conservation of soil, water, wildlife, and other forest resources.

He states that Social Forestry is to generate income and stable employment for the socio-economic disadvantaged rural population

He states that Social Forestry is a broad range of tree or forest-related activities that rural landowners as well as other users and community group undertake in order to provide products for their own use and to generate local income.

He states that Social Forestry is to involve the rural community people in the decision-making process on forestry matters which affect their very existence

He states that Social Forestry is a practice that includes all aspects, initiatives, sciences, policies, institutions and processes that are intended to increase the role of local people in governing and managing forest resources.

The Demographic Imperative - highly diversified

Primary goal of social forestry

is considered to be the most stable and most diversified terrestrial ecosystem in the world.

The Demographic Imperative - highly scattered

The Demographic Imperative - highly heterogeneous

many social forestry programs are based on contractual relationships between landless farmers and an outside entity

it was assumed that the village leader would represent the interests of its diverse constituencies.

People involved in planning, implementation, and evaluation of the project

Bear costs and risks, but also reap benefits

survival rates were very low as plantations were considered to belong to the government rather than to local people

the very people, social forestry was supposed to benefit—the poor—were demonstrated to have gained little or nothing from the program

People participate in joint analysis, which leads to action plans and the formation of new local groups or the strengthening of existing ones

villagers participate more if the project staff are more credible and readily available in the village

villagers participate more if there is strong political support at all levels of government

Basic Inputs Required in Implementing SF

Prepared by the government or “high” institution indicating the various components and activities in very broad terms

In Formulation of VMGO, it describes what the POs want to achieve and why they want to achieve it

Modes of Participation in which participation forcefully arranged by outsiders like NGOs and donors; participatory groups are often persuaded to participate through the provisions of incentives; not driven by people’s demands

is a continuous process which check to see that everything goes according to plan as far as possible

The system by which participatory groups or beneficiaries themselves monitor is

Modes of Participation in which originates with people themselves

the system that facilitates the continuous monitoring needed to evaluate project activities and their impact

is carried out by local participatory groups or beneficiaries themselves

participation was limited to discussions between village leaders, officials and the Forest department

Modes of Participation in which initiated by agencies, usually NGOs or donors, not by the people. Agencies work to stimulate participation by participatory groups

In Formulation of VMGO, it shows i. Detailed elements expressing purpose of the project/program in specific terms ii. Statements derived from the actual and stated problems of the community iii. Characteristics of a good working or operational objective: SMART

a plan prepared by both change agent and clients integrating local and national interest

In Formulation of VMGO, it shows community’s hopes for the future

• “act of being involved in something” (Wates, Handbook 194)

• A social process whereby specific groups with shared needs living in a defined geographic area actively pursue identification of their needs, take decisions and establish mechanisms to meet these needs (Hansen et al. 2003)

villagers participate more if the benefits can be derived immediately or in a short period of time

villagers participate more if the benefits are real and tangible

villagers participate more if the activity contributes to the upliftment of their socio-economic condition

villagers participate more if the probability of deriving the benefits is high

villagers participate more if the activity contributes to the improvement of their immediate environment

villagers participate more if they have past experiences of participation, if there is cohesiveness, and if the activity blends well with their tradition and culture

villagers participate more if the program design is flexible

villagers participate more if the resources required from villagers are minimal and readily available or accessible to them

villagers participate more if the technology is simple

Some form of involvement of people, with similar needs and goals, in decisions affecting their lives

Involvement of people in a community in projects to solve their own problems

land brought under social forestry schemes was reclassified as protected forests, and thus it became a forest offense for local people to collect products from the plantation areas

People participate by forming groups to meet predetermined objectives related to the project, which can involve the development or promotion of externally initiated social organization

such as twigs was often denied to local people

encourage individuals or families to plant trees around homes and other private lands in both rural and urban areas

cost of protection (borne by Forest Departments and projects) were too high and unsustainable

fast-growing species were preferred by Forest Departments because of their ease of production. Although the high market value was of interest to certain local groups (particularly wealthier farmers) many of those previously using the plantation areas were interested in access to non-commercial biomass

is the systematic analysis of data or information collected by monitoring

Modes of Participation in which often arranged by government-line agencies; various propaganda, extension and incentives are used to attract the participatory groups to participate in government programmes

planting of common lands replaced other existing uses of the land and led to local losses in livelihoods (particularly of poorer households)

benefit-sharing was unclear and determined through the village leader

planting is done by farmers on their own land on various patterns. Prominent in this category are several forms of agroforestry

In Formulation of VMGO, it shows general statements expressing the purpose of a project/program in very broad terms

with local participants receiving defined quantities of products or other benefits (grazing, fodder, wood) either free or at agreed prices

The document defining the terms and procedures for access, use, and protection of natural resources within the CBFMA area, which shall in all cases be consistent with the overall management strategy of the entire watershed area where the CBFM area is located,

The government or the SF worker without considering the interest of the people in the community where the project will be implemented

The community people without considering the interest of the government and the general society

Scope of Community Organizing under the Philippine’s CBFM

Institutional Frameworks and Implementation Models in Social Forestry

local people were assumed to be a non-stratified homogeneous group represented through the village leaders and thus access to benefits would be equally distributed

includes block plantations in forestry reserves, strips plantation along roads, railways, canal. The government department concerned sells or gives the output to individuals or communities.

planting and disposal of the products are undertaken by individuals for their own benefit on land allocated (but not alienated) for the purpose

planting by the community, government or NGOs on community-owned land, the benefit being shared by the community

a generic designation of any set of resource processes, irrespective of the structural character which that set may or may not have (Firey 1960)

often symbolic, these campaigns are designed to raise the level of awareness of the benefits of tree planting

encourage tree farming by individual landowners (e.g., PICOP experience in the Philippines)

include collective decision-making and action, and the sharing of benefits and costs by the community as a whole

urban women in Kenya soliciting money for a tree planting campaign, Boys Scouts and school groups hired during the summer to plant trees

forest management practices are carried out as a communal effort

Include collective decision-making and action and sharing of benefits and costs by the community as a whole

management of tree resource is the responsibility of private farmers (e.g., PICOP smallholder tree farm)

Range from monocropping but with multiple-use goals (fuelwood, fodder, etc.) to multiple or integrated cropping systems (trees integrated with fodder group)

Species used in SF are generally early maturing, multi-purpose, with a wide range of products

Extraction of products is mostly through the use of household labor

Small scale (undertaken by individual or household or a group of household or community)

• People participate by taking initiative independent of external institutions to change systems

• Such self-initiated mobilization and collective action may or may not challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and powe