7. An arrest is always an option when an officer is trying to preserve the peace, but less formal solutions are far more commonly employed. For example, when the driver of a stopped car that is blocking traffic complies with an officer’s request to move along, no citation is issued.

The last element in this list provides the primary reason why the police are called upon to deal with the “residual problems” of society: There is no one else

Another key factor that makes the police unique is what some authors have referred to as a “monopoly on the use of force.” The authorization to use force means that the police hold a position of great power within our society, and this translates into a great responsibility to ______.

11. There is a trend among policing experts to call for broad discretion for police officers.

In departments where community policing is not the dominant paradigm, officers still have

15 The seriousness of a crime and the strength of evidence, for example, are factors in the decision to make or not make an arrest. Personal factors also come into play; researchers discovered long ago that the demeanor of the suspect has no role in the decision to arrest.

16 Respectful and deferential citizens are less likely to be arrested than rude or belligerent ones

__________ are acts that would not be criminal if done by an adult but are prohibited for minors. Common status offenses that the police must deal with are truancy, running away from home, and juvenile curfew violations

22 Police officers encounter a wide array of problems involving juveniles; these range from dealing with status offenses to investigating serious crimes such as murder. Most police encounters with juveniles involve what policing experts refer to as order maintenance.

26 This training focuses on educational material targeting mostly fifth and sixth graders. D.A.R.E. was unique in its collaborative approach between educational institutions and police departments. A common element of most D.A.R.E. programs is teaching upper elementary school children ____________ strategies that consist of different ways of saying “no.”

27 Empirical research has shown that the programs have considerable impact on later drug use. Despite the disappointing research findings, the programs remain quite popular and have undergone substantial revision to improve effectiveness. Perhaps the most valuable aspect of D.A.R.E. programs was demonstrating to the nation that collaboration between police and schools was possible.

31 Research has shown that a least some SRO programs have been successful at increasing disruptive and illegal student conduct.

32a School Resource Officers obtain information concerning crime in the broader community from students, improving the overall effectiveness of the police department.

For a warrant to be issued, the magistrate must determine that probable cause exists. This has to be in the form of a sworn statement called an

When determining probable cause for a search, the reasonableness test used by the courts considers the experience and training of police officers. That is, the test is not merely what a reasonable person would believe, but what a _________

_________ would believe in light of the evidence as well as the officer’s training and experience.

The courts require only one thing of officers: that they act reasonably.4

Thus, the only types of mistakes that may result in suppression are “unreasonable” ones.

Specifically, a mistake is “reasonable” if the mythical “reasonably well-trained officer” might have done what the real officer did.

To make this determination, the courts usually need to determine two things: (1) What did the officers know? (2) What should they have known?

An arrest involves taking a person into actual physical custody by law enforcement. For an arrest to be legal, it must be based on 

_______________ means that enough evidence is present to convince a reasonable person that it is more likely than not that the suspect committed the crime.

Often, what constitutes reasonable force is a hotly disputed matter. In the landmark case of Graham v. Connor (1989), the Supreme Court of the United States established the legal requirement that the use of force by police be

There are several exceptions to the general requirement that officers must obtain a search warrant for a search to be legal. Which of the following is not one of them?

56 The Court has ruled the fact that the suspect is in handcuffs and could not reach for a weapon is immaterial.

The Supreme Court has determined that an arrest is a seizure of the person for legal purposes. Accordingly, the _______________ prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures comes into play.

59 Most arrests are made with an arrest warrant!

61 When it comes to arrests, probable cause means that the officer has reasonable grounds to believe that the person has committed or is about to commit a crime.

63 The old common-law rule was that an officer could make an arrest, without a warrant, if he believed he had evidence amounting to probable cause that the person had committed a felony. In the case of a misdemeanor, the crime had to be committed ____

66 While there are many exceptions, there are times when a warrant is required to make a lawful arrest. To enter a person’s home to make an arrest, the police must have an arrest warrant.

Social scientific research has resulted in at least some evidence that arresting the _____________ in domestic violence cases prevents further battering.

70 This research spawned legislation in many states that require police to identify and arrest the primary aggressor in domestic violence situations.

71 While these offenses are generally classified as misdemeanors, these special legislative enactments ask law enforcement to take the primary aggressor into custody despite not having a warrant or having seen the crime take place.

In Terry, the court said that the police have the right to stop individuals for a short period of time when their behavior seems suspicious, ask them questions, and pat them down for weapons. This type of stop is also known as a stop and frisk. The evidentiary standard set forth in Terry was less than probable cause, but more than a mere hunch. The court called this standard 

If the cops do not listen to the Court and violate somebody’s rights, there are several remedies, but the most important one to the criminal justice system is the

86 It was not until 1961 in Mapp v. Ohio that the Court decided that the exclusionary rule was fundamental to a fair trial and was thus applicable to the state via the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause.

The liberal Warren Court decided Mapp. Since the time of the Warren court, the Supreme Court has become more and more conservative. Conservative justices, while not willing to overrule the basic premise of the exclusionary rule, have eroded it by creating various exceptions. For example, in the 1984 case of -----------, the court created a good faith exception.

91 Most questions about the legitimacy of police use of force revolve around the reasonableness of it.

94 When the police go beyond reasonable, legitimate use of force, they risk lawsuits and criminal charges. There are also federal remedies in place, such as 1983 suits

Until the court’s decision in Tennessee v. Garner (1985), many jurisdictions subscribed to the idea of the ________ It was the common law doctrine that allowed an officer to use deadly force to apprehend a felon that was seeking to escape custody or a lawful arrest.

In ________, the court struck down a Tennessee statute stating “if, after notice of the intention to arrest the defendant, he either flee or forcibly resist, the officer may use all the necessary means to effect the arrest.”

In the landmark case of Graham v. Connor (1989), the Supreme Court of the United States established the legal requirement that the use of force by police be 

___________________.

111 Most questions about the legitimacy of police use of force revolve around the reasonableness of it.

113 When the police use more force than someone regards as reasonable in a given situation, it is often referred to as police brutality.

122 As one of Peel’s (Sir Robert "Bobbie" Peel ) major innovations, the organization of police agencies along military lines has withstood the test of time. Police officers in most jurisdictions still wear uniforms, carry weapons, and have military discipline.

IN London when crime was endemic, and the governments only recourse was to read the riot act, which meant they called in the military when the law breaking became unbearable.

In 1829, Sir Robert "Bobbie" Peel pushed the

128 One can define racial profiling as the law enforcement practice of using race, ethnicity, national origin, or religious appearance as one factor, among others, when police decide which people are suspicious enough to warrant police stops, questioning, frisks, searches, and other routine police practices.

129 Notice that this definition does not require that racial or ethnic appearance acts as the sole factor motivating what an officer does.

In 2001, the Texas Legislature passed a law prohibiting “Racial Profiling.” 

According to the Texas state statute, police officers may not take any enforcement-initiating action based on an individual’s race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on the individual’s behavior or on information identifying the individual as having engaged in criminal activity.

Case that made the death penalty unconstitutional

The reasonable suspicion evidentiary standard for a stop and frisk was established in what case?

Case that said the use of deadly force to apprehend an unarmed felon is unconstitutional.

Case that said the death penalty for a convicted murderer was not in itself a violation of the Eighth Amendment's cruel and unusual punishment rule.

Case that said right to appointed counsel (lawyer) for indigent offenders charged with serious offenses.

Case that said right to appointed counsel (lawyer) for indigent offenders charged with serious offenses.

The case that says that juveniles accused of crimes in juvenile court must be afforded many of the same due process rights as adults, but not all.

Case that said the evidentiary standard for juveniles accused of crimes was beyond a reasonable doubt, just as in an adult court.