Kohlberg theorized that the quality of our moral development was in no way related to

how we adapt to cognitive disequilibrium or the thinking that occurs when we realize

that what we learn does not match what we know.

Both Hooton and Lombroso believed that tattooing was the mark of an inferior person.

Bandura's most famous experiment was the “Bobo doll experiment.”

Differential association theory states that criminal offenders are physically different

from the rest of the population.

Rational choice theory states that individuals' environments cause them to break the law.

In the past, crime research assumed that women were just a subset of men and that

research findings could be easily applied to women.

Labeling does not happen accidentally.

Hirschi's social control theory seeks to explain why people break the law.

Neutralization theory states that offenders use techniques to deflect feelings of blame

and shame.

According to Merton, individuals disregard the goal when the means are lacking.

According to Merton's strain theory, crime problems arise when there is unequal access

to societal norms and goals.

Chicago--school criminologists rejected the role of external factors in causing crime.

According to operant conditioning, behavior is more likely to occur when it is rewarded

and less likely to occur when it is punished or not rewarded.

The positivist school of criminology is a natural outgrowth of the rise of the scientific

method.

Behaviorism focuses on unconscious forces and drives.

Both Beccaria and Bentham were concerned more with reforming the criminal justice

system than with finding the causes of crime.

The modern U.S. criminal justice system still uses supernatural theories to explain

The earliest explanations for deviant behavior attributed crime to supernatural forces

Labeling does not happen accidentally.