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WorksheetsMidterm Exam ITEP 203 Content
Total questions: 39
Worksheet time: 25mins
The data of which will be amenable to the use of numerical and statistical techniques in the analysis.
Explanatory Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research
Descriptive Research
The people or things we collect research data
on are called units, or research units.
Units
Variables
Correlational
Sample
A statement that explains the relationship between two or more variables, the validity of which needs to be tested with the help of empirical data.
Sample
Research
Hypothesis
Independent Variable
A subset of a total number of individuals etc. from whom data is collected in a research study.
Variable
Research Data
Cause-Comparative
Sample
Variables that are affected by variations in the Independent variable
Control Variables
Dependent Variable
Variables
Independent Variable
Variables that influence or affect another variable.
Independent Variables
Variables
Control Variable
Dependent Variables
"Descriptive"
Typically seek to answer questions that describe certain phenomena.
Attempts to determine to what extent two or more variables are related to each other.
Researchers focus on comparing groups who have been exposed to certain treatments/interventions to other groups that have not had this exposure.
Subjects are randomly assigned to control or experiment groups.
Correlational
Establish a causal relationship between two or more variables.
There is no randomized assignment of subjects in sample to control and experimental groups.
Often called “true experimentation” or the gold standard of empirical studies.
There is no manipulation of variables in this type of study
Cause-Comparative
Describes or quantifies identified variables.
Also known as quasi- experimental research designs.
Subjects are randomly assigned to control or experiment groups.
Often called “true experimentation” or the gold standard of empirical studies.
Subjects are randomly assigned to control or experiment groups.
Descriptive
Experimental
Correlational
Cause-Comparative
Can be conducted over the phone, online, through mail, in-person, or may be self-administered by participants.
Variables
Surveys
Kurtosis
Skew
Focus on a certain cohort (or cohorts) over a particular period of time.
Fixed Panel Studies
Variables
Kurtosis
Skew
(symmetry) of data
i.e. how concentrated data are at the low or high end of the scale, as measured by the skew index.
Cohort Studies
Skew
Kurtosis
Variables
(location) of data.
i.e. where data tend to fall, as measured by the mean, median, and mode.
Dispersion
Central tendency
Central tendency
Descriptive Statistics
(variability) of data.
i.e. how spread out data are, as measured by the variance and its square root, the standard deviation.
Dispersion
Variables
Descriptive Statistics
Central tendency
The order or rank of the categories is meaningful.
“poor” to “excellent”
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Dispersion
Categories could be converted to a numerical scale for further analysis.
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Dispersion
Are continuous, and the difference between values is both meaningful and allows statements about extent or degree.
“Person A rated the course as five times more excellent than person B.”
Interval
Interval
Nominal
Terminal
The foundation of descriptive statistics.
Summarize and compress data by grouping them into classes and recording how many data points fall into each class.
Descriptive Statistics
Measure of Central Tendency
Classification of Variables
Frequency Distributions
Indicate the middle and commonly occurring points in a data set.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEASURES OF SKEW
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
How spread out the data are around the mean.
MEASURES OF SKEW
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
Describe how concentrated data are around a single value, usually the mean.
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
MEASURES OF SKEW
Describe how concentrated data points are at the high or low end of the scale of measurement.
MEASURES OF SKEW
MEASURES OF KURTOSIS
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
Average
Mean
Normal
Median
Mode
Median - Value in the (a) of the data
Mode - (a) occurring most often in the data.
Sum of the squares of the differences
between each observation and the mean.
(a)
Measures relative dispersion by dividing the standard deviation by the mean and then multiplying by 100 to render a percent.
(a)
Measure the percentage of data points which lie below a certain value when the values are ordered.
(a)
Group observations such that 25 percent are arranged together according to their values.
(a)
Expressed as the positive square root of the variance.
(a)
Measures the distance between the lowest and highest values in the data set.
(a)
Like the normal bell curve, neither peaked nor flat.
(a)
Flatter than the normal bell curve.
(a)
PlatykurticMore peaked than the normal bell curve.
(a)
Normal
If kurotsis < -1
If kurtosis > - 1
If kurtosis = 0 or close to 0
If kurtosis > 1
Too Peaked
If kurtosis = 0 or close to 0
If kurotsis < = -1
If kurtosis > 1
If kurtosis < = 1
Too Flat
If kurtosis = 1 or close to 1
If kurotsis (1) x 2
If kurotsis < -1
If kurtosis > 1
The notion of “chance” played a central role in the ubiquitous practice of gambling. But chance acts were often related to magic or religion
Probability
Possibility
Prospect
Chances
