(a)   is when we manipulate individual sounds in spoken words.

If students learn all of the smallest units of sounds, (a)   , then it will be easier for them to decode words.

When students have (a)   , they ca recognize, name ,and write all of the letters in the alphabet.

(a)   programs should explicitly and systematically instruct students on matching sounds with individual letters or groups of letters.

When students have (a)   they are able to use the smallest unit of sound (phonemes) and apply that knowledge to write the phoneme (grapheme).

(a)   is the structure of words, root words, and affixes.

(a)   is the speed of processing letters, words, symbols, and objects.

When a student is translating sounds into letters, they will have the ability to (a)   .

I am a shorter word for reading and text comprehension.

(a)