2. The knowledge of the nature of forest and forest trees, how they grow, reproduce and respond to changes in their environment

3. A collection of trees of relatively similar or uniform age, composition and general appearance

Contains trees of every age; has at least 3 distinct age classes present

Identify the type of forest stand

The canopy of this forest stand is at level, shallow canopy on slender stems

Site openings are always protected by surrounding trees.

This forest stand is subject to serious fire, disease, insect losses.

Crowns receive some direct sunlight overhead through holes in the canopy but none at side

Term being used for the largest dominant trees. AKA as “wolf trees”. These are coarse, heavily limbed and broad-crowned because of the absence of competition from co-dominant trees

Trees whose crowns are located well above the general canopy level.

A young tree more than or equal to 4” in dbh, max. size of poles is between 8”-12” dbh

An old tree, used to denote a tree remaining from a former stand

Process by which the crops constituting a forest are tended, removed and replaced by new crops, resulting in the production of stands of distinctive form” (Matthews, 1989)

The whole stand is removed in one cutting and renewed using natural or artificial regenerations in Clear Cutting method.

Periodic removal of strips of trees leaving behind uncut strips at any one time in shelterwood method.

Production of coppice is made together with trees grown from seeds in pollarding method.

Branches of trees are cut to encourage sprouting at higher stumps in coppice with standard method.