By heating electron by uv radiation.

Knocking only e-

Loss of inner shell e– one of the outer e– will fall into the vacant orbital with the simultaneous emission of X-ray photon

None of the above.

nλ=2 sinθ

n=2d sinθ

nλ=2d sinθ

nλ=2f

Geiger tube

Goniometer

Coolidge tube

Rotameter

Thin quartz tube

Thin glass plates

Thin metal plates

All of the above

NMR

Mass

X-ray diffraction

Fluorimetry

Proportional counter

Silicon diode

Golay detector

Scintillation counter

$$t=\frac{K\lambda}{B\ \cos\theta}$$

$$t=\frac{B\kappa}{2\lambda\ \cos\ \theta}$$

$$t=\frac{2\pi}{N\ \sin\theta}$$

$$t=\frac{\alpha}{\rho\ \sin\theta}$$

Intensity Vs angle

Intensity vs l

l vs Angle

interatomic distance vs angle

To determine the Miller indices.

To distinguish between amorphous and crystalline material.

To determine the surface methodology of material.

To obtain ionic conductivity value.