rinciple drafter of the Declaration of Independence; sec- ond vice president of the United States; third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Co-founder of the Democratic-Republican Party

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politics that focus on the candidates, their particular issues, and character rather than party affiliation

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dramatic shifts in partisan preferences that drastically alter the political landscape

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an election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues and personalities

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the gradual rearrangement of party coalitions, based more on demographic shifts than on shocks to the political system

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a party meeting held in the presidential election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform

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Role played by a representative who votes the way his or her con- stituents would want, regardless of personal opinions; may refer to an elected representative to Congress or a representative to the party convention

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Delegate to the Democratic Party's national convention that is reserved for a party official and whose vote at the convention is unpledged to a candidate

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The forty-fifth president, a Republican, elected in 2016; first president elected without prior political or military experience; an experienced businessman.

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a statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party, usually promulgated at the national convention

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The first African American president of the United States, a Democrat, who served as forty-fourth president from 2009 to 2017. Senator from Illinois from 2005 to 2008; member of the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004

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A citizen's attachment to a political party based on issues, ideology, past experience, or upbringing, which tends to be a reliable indicator of likely voting choices.

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First female major party candidate for president of the United States, a Democrat, who ran against President Donald J. Trump in 2016. Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013; New York senator from 2001 to 2009; former first lady.

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a voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party

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an electoral system in which the party that receives at least one more vote than any other party wins the election

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the presence of increasingly conflicting and divided viewpoints between the Democratic and Republican Parties

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A party organization that recruits voter loyalty with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

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