Total atp produced by cellular respiration

(a)  

The total ATP produced in ETC is ? atp

(a)  

Converts 2H+ and ½ O2 to water

(a)  

converts FADH2 to FAD

(a)  

converts NADH to NAD^+ + H^+

(a)  

-the last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen

-happens in the outer membrane of the mitochondria

(a)  

Total By-Products of Kreb’s Cycle: ? NADH ? CO2 ? ATP ? FADH2

(a)  

-the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of mitochondria

-The eight steps of the cycle are a series of redox, dehydration, hydration, and decarboxylation reactions that produce two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH 2 -and FADH

(a)  

-Pyruvic Acid cannot be directly used for Kreb’s Cycle

- It is transformed to Acetyl Coenzyme A before going to the Kreb’s Cycle

-The metabolism will produce NADH and CO

(a)  

Net PRODUCTS OF GLYCOLYSIS: ? ATP ? PYRUVIC ACID ? NADH

(a)  

convert the PGAL to Pyruvic Acid-producing 4 molecules of ATP

(a)  

converts Glucose into two molecules of G3P with the use of two ATP

(a)  

-the break down of glucose molecules to produce pyruvic acid and ATP

-Happens in the cytosol

-Does not require oxygen is subdivided into 2 phases: Investment and Pay-off phase

(a)  

-utilized by most organisms today

-It requires oxygen as the last electron acceptor

-produces 32-36 adenosine triphosphate but in a slower process

(a)  

-utilized by old forms of life on Earth

-does not require oxygen as the last electron acceptor

-produces 2 mol adenosine triphosphate

(a)  

series of chemical reactions where electrons carried by NADH and FADH from the Krebs Cycle and is used to fuel this process.

(a)  

-Tricarboxylic acid Cycle

- 2 acetyl CoA is converted into citrate

-yields 6 NADH, 2 FADH and ATP molecule from the initial reactant acetyl CoA.

(a)  

-breakdown of a glucose molecule into 2 pyruvates

- it has two stages; the energy-investment and energy-payoff phase

(a)  

-the process by which a reactant is used by the tissues is used to produced by Adenosine Triphosphate.

(a)  

Light Dependent Reaction happens in

(a)  

Light Independent happens in

(a)  

the end product of Photosynthesis

(a)  

-10 G3P molecules (30 carbons) remain in the Calvin cycle

- Through a series of 10 reactions, these molecules are rearranged into 6 molecules of ribulose phosphate

- Ribulose phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to produce RuBP, which is used to restart the cycle

(a)  

-Energy from ATP and NADPH are used to convert the PGA molecules to (G3P)

-Exergonic reaction of two molecules of G3P leads to formation of a glucose or fructose

(a)  

-CO2 reacts with 5-carbon ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)

-Catalyzed by ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco)

-The unstable 6-carbon product breaks down into two molecules of 3-carbon phosphoglycerate (PGA)

-The carbon of the CO molecule has been “fixed” to a carbon skeleton

(a)  

-occurs in the stroma through a sequence of 13 reactions

-an anabolic pathway building carbohydrates from smaller molecules and consuming energy

-Carbon enters the Calvin cycle in the form of CO and leaves in the form of sugar

-product of Calvin-Benson cycle is not glucose but the 3-carbon sugar

(a)  

- Free Inorganic Phosphate

(a)  

Composed of a reaction center complex surrounded by several chlorophylls

(a)  

-Convert light energy to chemical energy

-Take place in thylakoids

-Begin as soon as chlorophyll captures light energy

-Energized electron is transferred to an acceptor molecule, and is replaced by an electron from H2O

-H2O is split and molecular oxygen is released

- The energy of energized electrons is used to phosphorylate ADP, forming ATP

- The coenzyme NADP becomes reduced, forming NADPH

-ATP and NADPH are used in the energy-requiring carbon fixation reactions

(a)  

synthesis part of photosynthesis

(a)  

photo part of photosynthesis

(a)  

light energy

(a)  

– the process by which autotrophs use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen

(a)  

photosynthetic pigment that reflects green to yellow light

(a)  

-pigments that absorb light from red to blue spectra

-main photosynthetic pigment.

-consists of a porphyrin ring and a hydrocarbon side chain

(a)  

-a stack of thylakoids

-composed of 10-20 thylakoids

(a)  

-coin-like structure in the chloroplast

-site of the light dependent reactions

-where we can find the chlorophyll

(a)  

-spaces inside the chloroplast

-light-independent reaction of photosynthesis happens

-it surrounds the grand

(a)  

the chloroplast is enveloped by a bilipid layer where molecules pass-through

(a)  

-a plant cell organelle

-site of photosynthesis

-holds the chlorophyll pigment

-found inside the mesophyll layer of leaves

(a)  

-the linking of a free inorganic phosphate to ADP to form ATP and releasing water

-An enzyme ATPSynthase will help this chemical reaction to move forward

(a)  

-when a water molecule breaks the bond between a phosphoanhydride linkage setting a free phosphate molecule forming (ADP)

-An enzyme ATPase will be used for this reaction

(a)  

-a nucleotide consisting of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups.

-energy currency of the body

(a)  

-an energy-producing process inside an organism.

-this involves two major processes Hydrolysis, and Phosphorylation

(a)  

Most enzymes work at neutral pH...

(a)  

a digestive enzyme that digest proteins

(a)  

a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins

(a)  

optimal temperature

(a)  

peak of the required activation energy for a specific chemical reaction

(a)  

amount of energy that is required for chemical energy to proceed.

(a)  

When the active site on the enzyme makes contact with the proper substrate, the enzyme molds itself to the shape of the molecule

(a)  

-Enzymes are specific.

-enzymes will only act upon a specific substrate.

(a)  

-When a substrate is bonded in the active site

(a)  

- A molecule where an enzyme will act upon.

(a)  

-- the site where the substrate will bind

(a)  

-cofactor or coenzyme activates the apoenzyme

(a)  

- inactive form of an enzyme

(a)  

-a mineral derivative

(a)  

-a vitamin derivative

(a)  

- It activates the apoenzyme

(a)