Followers of a great puritanical reformist movement that grew among the desert of Berbers of the Western Sahara. (p. 176)

(a)  

Powerful city-state (in present-day Nigeria) which came into contact with the Portuguese in 1485 but remained relatively free of European influence; important commercial and political entity until the 19th century. (p. 198)

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Shift to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population; first emerged in western Europe and United States n late 19th century. (p. 187)

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The study of population. (p. 186) 

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African state founded in the 3rd century CE that rose to power by taxing salt and gold exchanged within its borders. Its rulers converted to Islam, and it was at its height of power by the 10th century. Invaded in 1076 by Almoravid armies.

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Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking peoples located between Zambezi and Limpopo rivers; developed after 9th century; featured royal courts built of stone; created centralized state by 15th century; king took title of Mwene Mutapa. (p. 191) 

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Professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire. (p. 179)

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The Arabic term for eastern north Africa. (p. 176) 

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Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records. (p. 179) 

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Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughtout Mali Empire; eventually spred throughout much of west Africa. (p. 179) 

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Kingdom, based on agriculture, formed on lower Congo River by late 15th century; capital at Mbanza Kongo; ruled by hereditary monarchy. (p. 190) 

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An empire centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers. Creation of the Malinke peoples. 

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(c. 1312-1337) One of Sundiata’s most famous successors. Pilgrimage brought the attention of the Muslim world to Mali.

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The Arabic word for western north Africa.

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Extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire; Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century. (p. 164) 

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A village. Its sculptures came from areas near the village that are made of terra-cotta and date back to 500 BCE to 200 CE. 

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The extensive grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that became a point of exchange between the forests to the south and north Africa.

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Islamic law; defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance. (p. 182)

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Successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of Niger valley; formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty; capital at Gao; reached imperial status under Sunni Ali (1464-1492). (p.181) 

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African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of politcal power and authority associated with states. (p. 175) 

(a)  

Conquest states that drew on the taxes, tribute, and military support of the subordinate areas, villages, and lineages, usually had a territorial core area and a patriarch or council of elders of a certain family. Examples are Ghana, Mali, and and Songhay.

(a)  

The “Lion Prince”; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260. (p. 179)

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Port city of Mali; located just off the flood plain on the great bend in the Niger River; population of 50,000; contained a library and university. (p. 181)

(a)  

Small city-states which historians believe originated from Meroe and Nubia and spoke a non-Bantu language of the west African Kwa family. These city-states developed under the strog authority of regional kings considered divine. Highly urbanized and undergoed a flourish of artisan traditions.

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Arabic term for the east African coast. (p. 184) 

(a)